Interaction between groundwater and surface water in watersheds has significant impacts on water management and water rights, nutrient loading from aquifers to streams, and in-stream flow requirements for aquatic species. Of particular importance are the spatial patterns of these interactions. This study explores the spatio-temporal patterns of groundwater discharge to a river system in a semi-arid region, with methods applied to the Sprague River Watershed (4100 km 2 ) within the Upper Klamath Basin in Oregon, USA. Patterns of groundwater-surface water interaction are explored throughout the watershed during the 1970-2003 time period using a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model tested against streamflow, groundwater level and field-estimated reachspecific groundwater discharge rates. Daily time steps and coupling are used, with groundwater discharge rates calculated for each model computational point along the stream. Model results also are averaged by month and by year to determine seasonal and decadal trends in groundwater discharge rates. Results show high spatial variability in groundwater discharge, with several locations showing no groundwater/surface water interaction. Average annual groundwater discharge is 20.5 m 3 /s, with maximum and minimum rates occurring in September-October and March-April, respectively. Annual average rates increase by approximately 0.02 m 3 /s per year over the 34-year period, negligible compared with the average annual rate, although 70% of the stream network experiences an increase in groundwater discharge rate between 1970 and 2003. Results can assist with water management, identifying potential locations of heavy nutrient mass loading from the aquifer to streams and ecological assessment and planning focused on locations of high groundwater discharge.Base-flow fraction results are provided by the base-flow separator tool BFLOW (Arnold et al., 1995;Arnold and Allen, 1999) MODFLOW, Modular Ground-Water Flow; SWAT, Soil and Water Assessment Tool. 4428 R. T. BAILEY ET AL.

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Deployment of Service Oriented Applications (SOAs) to public infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) clouds presents challenges to system analysts. Public clouds offer an increasing array of virtual machine types with qualitatively defined CPU, disk, and network I/O capabilities. Determining cost effective application deployments requires selecting both the quantity and type of virtual machine (VM) resources for hosting SOA workloads of interest. Hosting decisions must utilize sufficient infrastructure to meet service level objectives and cope with service demand. To support these decisions, analysts must: (1) understand how their SOA behaves in the cloud; (2) quantify representative workload(s) for execution; and (3) support service level objectives regardless of the performance limits of the hosting infrastructure. In this paper we introduce a workload cost prediction methodology which harnesses operating system time accounting principles to support equivalent SOA workload performance using alternate virtual machine (VM) types. We demonstrate how the use of resource utilization checkpointing supports capturing the total resource utilization profile for SOA workloads executed across a pool of VMs. Given these workload profiles, we develop and evaluate our cost prediction methodology using six SOAs. We demonstrate how our methodology can support finding alternate infrastructures that afford lower hosting costs while offering equal or better performance using any VM type on Amazon's public elastic compute cloud.

The determination of instream flows for preserving or improving aquatic ecosystems’ health often includes challenges caused by varied hydraulic conditions, ecological criteria, and socioeconomic considerations. Despite the abundance of available methodologies, there are few available desktop or online applications enabling rapid assessment of instream flows that incorporate pertinent geospatial information for the region. We present R2Cross, a user‐friendly, online, instream flow rate calculation tool that was developed for aiding water allocation decisions in the state of Colorado. The R2Cross tool is the only existing online decision support tool based on a hydraulic rating method. It estimates hydraulic conditions at different water stages in a stream reach and compares them to habitat criteria to determine biological instream flow recommendations. Cloud‐based Geographic Information System features and additional tools are incorporated that augment information and aid in evaluating ecological needs. The development of the R2Cross tool enables an open‐access interface for management authorities and stakeholders to evaluate ecological needs at stream reaches. It automates the reporting process and could assist in making water management decisions about environmental protection. Although the R2Cross tool was developed for the state of Colorado, it is generalizable to other stream systems assuming similar habitat criteria.