This study examines how agro-financing impacts on food production in Nigeria supporting Goal 2 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aims to "end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture". The study covers the period 1981-2018 using annual data sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The Johansen and the Canonical Cointegration approaches are employed and findings reveal that agro-financing is statistically significant in explaining the level of food production in Nigeria.The result implies that a 1% increase in farmers' access to agricultural finance is associated with an increase in food production by 0.002%-0.006% depending on the model specification. This result aligns with the 'a priori' expectations as it is expected that more agro-funding at low-interest rates motivates farmers to secure high-yield seedlings, machinery and other farm implements, organic inputs that positively impact on total agricultural yield, leading to more food production. Therefore, the study recommends that more funding be allocated to the agrarian sector with less stringent credit conditions, and more arable land be allotted for farming purposes amongst others.
Social protection helps in addressing the problem of extreme poverty and enhance food security, while building resilience against shocks. Globally, within the last two decades, social protection has helped in transferring about 150 million households out of extreme poverty and food insecurity. However, only about 45% of the world population is covered by at least one social assistance. This study empirically examines the effect of social protection on food security in the Global South, using West Africa as a case study. Data were sourced from the World Development Indicators and the Country Policy Institutional Assessment for the period 2005-2018. Data cover 15 West African countries that are members of the Economic Community of West African States. To resolve the possible issue of endogeneity, and reverse causality, the study applies the generalised method of moments (GMMs). Result showed that social protection is statistically significant and has a positive effect on food security in West Africa. This implies that a 1% increase in social protection coverage may increase the level of food security by 2.1%. Therefore, the study recommends that social protection intervention should be enhanced to mitigate the impact of socioeconomics shocks faced by the poor and the most vulnerable households.
This study contributes towards the realization of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 which aims “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts” by investigating the role of per capita income in moderating the impact of energy use on carbon emissions. Using data from 28 selected African countries covering 1990 to 2019 and deploying the FGLS, PCSE, and MM-QR techniques, findings reveal, among others, that: at the 1% significance level, a percentage change in energy use leads to between 0.60% and 0.70% increase in carbon emissions, on average, ceteris paribus. Correspondingly, income shows to be a positive driver of emissions contributing between 0.87% and 0.84% percentage increase, on average, ceteris paribus. Also, per capita income attenuates the impact of energy use on emissions by between -0.27% and -0.23%, on average, ceteris paribus. However, significant heterogeneities occur across the sub-regions. Specifically, Southern Africa shows the largest energy contributor to emissions 1.65% while Central Africa contributes the most to aggravating emissions by 1.87% through increase in per capita income. West Africa shows the largest moderation effect at -0.56%. Across the quartiles, the effects of energy use and per capita are positive. Given these, we submit that the strong correlation between energy usage and per capita income (i.e. economic growth) poses a dilemma for African economies in their drive for growth. Leaving room for trade-offs. Perhaps, the lesson is that as African countries seek for more development without contributing to carbon emissions, governments should invest more in renewable energy.
Research letters Episiotomy is used almost routinely in vaginal deliveries in Sri Lanka and the norm is for it to be performed without anaesthesia. This is due to the popular belief that episiotomy could be performed painlessly without anaesthesia if it is performed at the peak of a contraction when the perineum is at full stretch. This practice is also convenient, since nurses and midwives involved in normal deliveries in Sri Lanka are not licensed to administer a local anaesthetic.
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