The United Nations forecasts that by 2050, the world's population will reach 9.8 billion and 11.2 billion in 2100. An ever-growing global population threatens food security, accompanied by an increasing food shortage and relentless cybersecurity attacks. Agriculture 4.0, smart farming, and precision farming are essential to provide the technological breakthroughs to increase agricultural production while simultaneously expanding cybersecurity risks in the agriculture and food industries. With a global cybersecurity talent shortage and increasing cyber-attacks on the agriculture and food industries, there is a dire need to address cybersecurity solutions for the agriculture and food industries. A developing area in agriculture is cyberbiosecurity, an integrated concept of biosecurity and cybersecurity underline the need to safeguard systems, humans, animals, and plants from biological mischiefs, such as bioterrorism, environmental terrorism, infections, plagues, and pandemics. This paper explores these complex dynamics through an exploration of current and emerging literature.

Commercial aviation is vital to the economic health of the global economy. Commercial aviation as a global entity should be an international critical infrastructure that constantly safeguards and protects from malicious threats, including cybersecurity threat actors (Nobles, 2019). The international aviation industry needs a comprehensive cybersecurity defense plan to prevent cyber-based threats from negatively impacting civil aviation. Critical components of the global aviation systems consist of airport operations, air traffic management, ground operations, airline operations, unmanned systems, operations (Kessler, Craiger, & Haass, 2018), aviation maintenance, airport security (physical security), and cargo and logistics. The existing aviation infrastructure was designed, engineered, and implemented without forbearance on cybersecurity (Kessler, Craiger, & Haass, 2018). The lack of international cyber governance impedes the enforcement of cybersecurity policies; therefore, requiring a global-based alliance to create standards and best practices for evaluating and managing cybersecurity risks (Urban, 2017), especially in commercial aviation.

Researchers forecast that autonomous vehicles will reduce accidents by 90%. The ethical interplay of autonomous vehicles, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and societal demands further complicates the governments' decisions on self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles have safety, economic, and societal benefactors; however, offsetting the unintended consequences of technologies requires governance initiatives to address cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. At issue is the lack of ethical consideration for autonomous vehicles from a cybersecurity perspective, given the amount of personal and sensitive data created, used, and stored by autonomous vehicles. The advancement of autonomous cars is increasingly reliant on software, consequently making them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Software vulnerabilities remain a top cyber-attack vector in all industries. The deliberation concerning ethics for autonomous cars is ebb and flow, especially as opposing sides increase arguments as self-driving vehicles reach a reality.