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In the present study, after solid solution treatment, four different artificial aging treatments (100, 120, 140 and 160 °C) were performed on Al-5.98Zn-2.86Mg-1.61Cu (wt.%) alloy, denoted as 7075-LCu, and Al-5.91Zn-2.83Mg-1.98Cu (wt.%) alloy, denoted as 7075-HCu. Peak aging conditions were determined for each aging temperature at various hold time intervals of up to 24 h. It was found that both alloys possessed the optimal strengths after artificial aging at 120 °C for 24 h. Under this condition, the ultimate tensile strengths (UTSs) were 618 MPa (7075-LCu) and 623 MPa (7075-HCu), respectively. Moreover, a method was used to calculate the average sizes and number density of the major strengthening precipitates, η′, under peak aging conditions in these two alloys from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The above results indicated that for the 7075-LCu and 7075-HCu samples with the optimal UTS strengths, the former possessed an average thickness of 2.15 nm, and a number density of 3.27 × 1017 cm−3; the latter, 2.04 nm and 3.52 × 1017 cm−3.

The effects of natural ageing treatment prior to artificial ageing treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of AA7075 Al-5.7Zn-2.6Mg-1.5Cu-0.18Cr-0.08Mn-0.05Si-0.17Fe (wt.%) aluminum alloy have been investigated. The hardness of solution-treated samples (91.0 HV) profoundly increased to 146.8 HV after 7 days of natural ageing. The purpose of the present work was to examine the kinetic hardening evolution in subsequent artificial ageing treatments of samples naturally aged for 7 days and their counterparts without natural ageing. The former were labelled as NA-7d samples, and the latter, NA-0d samples. After artificial ageing at 120 °C for 2 h, the hardness of NA-0d samples increased rapidly to 148.2 HV, which was approximately the same as that of the specimens with natural ageing for 7 days, compensating for the prior state of lower hardness without natural ageing. After being treated at 120 °C for 16 h, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of NA-7d reached the highest value, respectively, 601 MPa and 539 MPa, followed by a slight decrement of UTS when aged to 24 h. On the other hand, NA-0d specimens aged at 120 °C for 16 and 24 h showed nearly the same UTS (598 MPa); the former possessed YS of 538 MPa, and the latter, 545 MPa. The results presumably reveal that the peak ageing condition for NA-0d samples can be achieved under 24 h ageing at 120 °C. Under the same treatment at 120 °C for 24 h, the size of η’ phase in NA-7d sample (with a length of 4.96 nm) coarsened and grew larger than that in NA-0d sample (with a length of 3.46 nm). In addition, some η’ phase in the NA-7d sample was found to be transformed into the η2 phase. The results indicated that the naturally aged specimens (NA-7d) reached the peak ageing condition earlier, but did not significantly enhance the UTS in AA7075 aluminum alloy, as compared to the samples without prior natural ageing (NA-0d).

Two steels with a base composition of Fe-0.2C-0.8Mn-1.2Cr (wt%) but with different niobium (Nb) contents (0.02 and 0.03 wt%) were employed to study the effect of precipitate evolution on the softening resistance in the austenite region under elevated temperature deformation. The thermomechanical procedure was executed by a deformation-dilatometer and involved double deformation processes with 25% strain at a 0.25 s−1 strain rate at 900, 925, 950, and 1000 °C. The softening ratios, reflecting the competition between recrystallization and precipitation, were evaluated. The results indicated that both steels showed better softening resistance at 900 °C than at other temperatures. However, the softening ratio of 0.03 wt% Nb-containing steel (Steel 3N) rose after 100 s at 900 °C, while 0.02 wt% Nb-containing steel (Steel 2N) maintained a low softening ratio within 300 s at 900 °C, indicating that Steel 3N was relatively non-durable. A microstructural characterization showed that in the Steel 3N sample deformed at 900 °C, recrystallization occurred more strongly than for Steel 2N after a 1000 s holding time. A follow-up analysis then showed that Steel 3N treated at 900 °C revealed a faster coarsening of the carbides than Steel 2N even in the early stage of precipitation, evidencing that Steel 2N exhibited a lower softening resistance at 900 °C.

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