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The four LEP collaborations, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, have searched for the neutral Higgs bosons which are predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The data of the four collaborations are statistically combined and examined for their consistency with the background hypothesis and with a possible Higgs boson signal. The combined LEP data show no significant excess of events which would indicate the production of Higgs bosons. The search results are used to set upper bounds on the cross-sections of various Higgs-like event topologies. The results are interpreted within the MSSM in a number of "benchmark" models, including CP-conserving and CP-violating scenarios. These interpretations lead in all cases to large exclusions in the MSSM parameter space. Absolute limits are set on the parameter tan β and, in some scenarios, on the masses of neutral Higgs bosons.

The results of a comprehensive analysis of existing data on the weak neutral current and the W and Z masses are presented. The principal results are the following. (a) There is no evidence for any deviation from the standard model. (b) A global fit to all data yields sin 0~= 1 -Mgr /Mz =0.230+0.0048, where this error and all others given here include full statistical, systematic, and theoretical uncertainties (computed assuming three fermion families, m, & 100 GeV, and MH & 1 TeV). (c) Allowing p=M~/(Mz cos'0~) as well as sin'0~to vary one obtains sin 0~=0.229+0.0064 and p =0.998+0.0086. This implies 90%%uo-confidence-level (C.L.) upper limits of 0.047 and 0.081 for the vacuum expectation values (relative to those of Higgs doublets) for Higgs triplets with weak hypercharge of 0 and +1, respectively. (d) The parameter6~=drhs (1 -Ar)/sin'0, which is a measure of the radiative corrections relating deepinelastic neutrino scattering, the 8' and Z masses, and muon decay, is determined to be 0. 112+0.037. This is consistent with the value 5~--0. 106 expected for m, =45 GeV and MH --100 GeV and establishes the existence of radiative corrections at the 3o. level. (e) The radiative corrections are sensitive to isospin breaking associated with a large m, . Assuming no deviation from the standard model, consistency of the various reactions requires m«180 GeV at 90%%uo C.L. for M& & 100 GeV, with a slightly weaker limit for larger MH. Similar results hold for the mass splittings between fourth-generation quarks or leptons. (f) Most of the parameters in modelindependent fits to vq, ve, eq, and e+e processes are now determined uniquely and precisely. (g) Limits are given on the masses and mixing angles of additional Z bosons expected in popular models. For theoretically expected coupling constants one finds that the neutral-current constraints are usually more stringent than the direct-production limits from the CERN SppS collider, but nevertheless masses as low as 120 -300 GeV are typically allowed. (h) The implications of these results for grand unification are discussed. sin 0~is )2.5 standard deviations above the prediction of minimal SU(5) and similar models for all m, . It is closer to the prediction of simple supersymmetric grand unified theories but is still somewhat low. (i) The dominant theoretical uncertainty (the charm-quark threshold in deep-inelastic charged-current scattering) is considered in some detail.

In cancer treatment, the introduction of MeV bremsstrahlung photons has been instrumental in delivering higher doses to deep-seated tumours, while reducing the doses absorbed by the surrounding healthy tissues. Beams of protons and carbon ions have a much more favourable dose-depth distribution than photons (called 'x-rays' by medical doctors) and are the new frontiers of cancer radiation therapy. Section 2 presents the status of the first form of hadrontherapy which uses beams of 200-250 MeV protons. The central part of this review is devoted to the discussion of the physical, radiobiological and clinical bases of the use of 400 MeV u −1 carbon ions in the treatment of radio-resistant tumours. These resist irradiation with photon as well as proton beams. The following section describes the carbon ion facilities that are either running or under construction. Finally, the projects recently approved or proposed are reviewed here.

Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Abreu, P., Boudinov, E., Holthuizen, D. J., Kjaer, N. J., Kluit, P. M., Mulders, M. P., ... van Eldik, J. E. (1997). Search for neutral heavy leptons produced in $Z$ decays. Zeitschrift für Physik. C, Particles and Fields, 74, 57. DOI: 10.1007/s002880050370 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.Download date: 09 May 2018 Z. Phys. C 74, 57-71 (1997) ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PHYSIK C Abstract. Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons (ν m ) have been searched for using data collected by the DEL-PHI detector corresponding to 3.3 × 10 6 hadronic Z 0 decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived ν m production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived ν m giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio BR(Z 0 → ν m ν) of about 1.3 × 10 −6 at 95% confidence level for ν m masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/c 2 . Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the ν m mass. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos.