Herschel was launched on 14 May 2009, and is now an operational ESA space observatory offering unprecedented observational capabilities in the far-infrared and submillimetre spectral range 55-671 μm. Herschel carries a 3.5 m diameter passively cooled Cassegrain telescope, which is the largest of its kind and utilises a novel silicon carbide technology. The science payload comprises three instruments: two direct detection cameras/medium resolution spectrometers, PACS and SPIRE, and a very high-resolution heterodyne spectrometer, HIFI, whose focal plane units are housed inside a superfluid helium cryostat. Herschel is an observatory facility operated in partnership among ESA, the instrument consortia, and NASA. The mission lifetime is determined by the cryostat hold time. Nominally approximately 20 000 h will be available for astronomy, 32% is guaranteed time and the remainder is open to the worldwide general astronomical community through a standard competitive proposal procedure.

Since its launch on May 14th 2009 Herschel is the largest telescope of its kind in space. Herschel's 3.5-metre diameter mirror collects long-wavelength infrared radiation from some of the coldest and most distant objects in the Universe. Herschel is the only space observatory to cover the spectral range from far-infrared to sub-millimetre wavelengths. The Herschel satellite is 7.5 metres high and 4 metres wide, with a launch mass of approximately 3.3 tonnes. The bulk of the spacecraft consists of a superfluid liquid helium cryostat inside which three scientific instruments (PACS, SPIRE & HIFI) are operated. Via various cooling stages the instruments are cooled to between a few tens and a few tenths of a degree above absolute zero. This paper gives a brief overview of the spacecraft and the on-ground testing, with an emphasis on the cryogenic issues encountered.