The effect of common acids, anions, and auxiliary complexing agents in the solvent extraction of Fe 2+ from aqueous solutions into chloroform solutions of 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1ylidene))bis alone and in the presence of of 1-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) butan-1-one (HBuP) was studied. Colorimetric method of analysis using 1,10phenanthroline was used to determine concentrations of Fe 2+ in aqueous solutions after extraction and percentage extraction determined by difference. Separation factors βXY were calculated using data from previous studies using same organic phases to determine theoretical conditions for separating Fe 2+ from Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , and UO2 2+ . All acids gave > 90% extraction of Fe 2+ at most concentrations with HNO3 and H3PO4 giving the highest percentage extraction of 99.93% at 0.01M and 0.1M respectively in the mixed ligands H2BuEtP/HBuP organic system. H3PO4 also gave best extraction of 99.3% at 0.1M in ligand H2BuEtP alone system. Although all anions used for study also gave > 90% extraction of Fe 2+ at different concentration in both types of organic phases, CHCOO -, PO4 3-, Brand tartrate ions gave the best extraction of Fe 2+ with H2BuEtP. Acids and anions behave as salting out agents or masking agents at different concentrations.

In this study, cashew nut shell liquid has been extracted from cashew nut shells using an accelerated solvent extraction technique and was employed as a precursor for the synthesis of cashew nut shell liquid resin. The extract was a dark brown viscous liquid with an average yield of 30.61±0.200%. Results of the physical analysis showed a moisture content of 4.45±0.020% and a density of 0.95±0.300 gcm -3 . The percentage brix and refractive index were 76.20±0.001 and 1.47 ±0.010 respectively. Chemical characterization showed a pH of 5.65±0.003; acid value of 8.25± 0.200 mg KOH/g; ash content of 1.80±0.6%; free fatty acid of 4.12±0.400 mg KOH/g; ester value of 247.01±0.100 mg KOH/g and a saponification value of 255.26±0.800 mg KOH/g. The FTIR spectra revealed that cashew nut shell liquid is polymeric. These findings confirm that higher phenolic compounds which can be used as potential precursors in industrial applications could be obtained from agro wastes. Kyei et al.; CSIJ, 28(3): 1-10, 2019; Article no.CSIJ.53190 2 Practical Applications: Cashew nut shell liquid, an extract from cashew nut shell, an agro waste has a wide range of functional products. A practical application is synthesis of a high viscous, flexible cashew nut shell liquid resin with physical properties that are consistent with literature and could also be further used in other industrial applications. Further processing of cashew nut shell for the development of value added products like resin can be a better option. Original Research Article

No abstract

The distribution of Fe(II) between buffered aqueous solution and chloroform solution of N,N’-Ethylenebis(4-butanoyl-2-4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-oneimine)(H2BuEtP) was investigated. The effect of 4-butanoyl-2-4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one(HBuP) in the distribution was also studied. Fe(II) concentration in aqueous raffinate was determined colorimetrically and distribution ratios and percentage extractions calculated by difference from Fe(II) in aqueous phase before and after equilibrations. The optimal pH for Fe(II) distribution slightly lowered to 8.00 in mixed ligands(H2BuEtP/HBuP) organic phase from 8.25 in ligand (H2BuEtP) alone organic phase. The pH range at which quantitative extraction of Fe(II) from aqueous buffered solution into both type of organic phases used for the study was very narrow. The extraction parameters; pH1/2, log D from extraction plots, and log Kex calculated using extraction equations derived from slope analysis showed that the values in both type of organic phases were very close even though mixed ligands(H2BuEtP/HBuP) organic phase values were slightly higher and better. Slope analysis also indicated that the Fe(II) complexes extracted into both organic phases were Fe(BuEtP)o and Fe(HBuEtP)(BuP)o respectively.

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), a natural phenolic liquid extracted from locally sourced raw materials, and Phasetreat-4633 (a commercial demulsifier) were diluted with xylene and butanol and used as demulsifiers in the treatment of crude oil emulsions. Laboratory simulated crude oil emulsions dosed with different concentrations of CNSL and PT-4633 were the basis for comparison of demulsifier performance via the bottle test method. Different factors affecting demulsification efficiency such as; water content, demulsifier concentration, and solvent type were investigated at 10%, 30%, and 50% water content. The data obtained showed that the rate of water separation increases with increasing concentration and water content of the demulsifiers and emulsion respectively. Among the demulsifier-solvent combination employed in this study, Phasetreat-4633 in butanol recorded the most efficient water separation with optimal (100%) separation recorded after 5 minutes at 40 ppm and 50 ppm concentration, 50% water content and 60℃. From the obtained results, the investigated demulsifiers have great potential with butanol as a solvent in the resolution of crude oil emulsions in shorter times. This behavior can be attributed to the synergetic effect of butanol as a solvent. Hence, butanol can be regarded as a better solvent substitute to xylene, due to its attributive synergetic effect, low cost and toxicity levels, unlike xylene which is more toxic and expensive.