We present Raman spectra of numerous icosahedral boron-rich solids having the structure of α-rhombohedral, β-rhombohedral, α-tetragonal, β-tetragonal, YB 66 , orthorhombic or amorphous boron. The spectra were newly measured and, in some cases, compared with reported data and discussed. We emphasize the importance of a high signal-to-noise ratio in the Raman spectra for detecting weak effects evoked by the modification of compounds, accommodation of interstitial atoms and other structural defects. Vibrations of the icosahedra, occurring in all the spectra, are interpreted using the description of modes in α-rhombohedral boron by Beckel et al. The Raman spectrum of boron carbide is largely clarified. Relative intra-and inter-icosahedral bonding forces are estimated for the different structural groups and for vanadium-doped β-rhombohedral boron. The validity of Badger's rule is demonstrated for the force constants of inter-icosahedral B-B bonds, whereas the agreement is less satisfactory for the intra-icosahedral B-B bonds.
The anisotropy of the electronic interband transitions of 0-rhombohedra1 boron is determined by optical absorption measurements. The band gaps (indirect allowed transitions) are 1.32(1) and 1.50(1) eV for E 11 c, respectively, 1.29(1) and 1.46(1) eV for E I c (extrapolated to T = 0 K). At low temperatures these gaps decrease, while the thermal equilibrium develops. The temperature dependence of the gap isattributed to the thermaldisorder caused byphonons of 121.9(E 11 c)and 94.1 meV(E I c) representing the most prominent intraicosahedral vibrations. Six intrinsic trapping levels for electrons in distances between 0.17 and 1.15 eV from the conduction band edge are determined, the closer ones in agreement with different photo effects. The trapping levels are attributed to distortion states of the icosahedra due to a dynamical Jahn-Teller effect. This conception allows the interpretation of other physical properties like internal friction, discontinuities of thermal expansion, and electrical conductivity, of the temperature dependence of the ESR linewidth, and of the density of paramagnetic centers (spin density and magnetic susceptibility).Die Anisotropy der elektronischen Interbandubergange des P-rhomboedrischen Bors wurde aus der optischen Absorption bestimmt. Die Bandabstande (indirekt erlaubte Ubergange) betragen, extrapoliert auf T = 0 K, 1,32(1) und 1,50(l)eV fur E 11 c bzw. 1,29(1) und 1,46(l)eV fur E l c. Bei tiefen Temperaturen nehmen die Bandabstande im Verlauf der Einstellung des thermischen Gleichgewichtes ab. Der Temperaturgang der Bandabstande wird der temperaturbedingten Fehlordnung des Gitters durch die thermische Anregung der starksten intraikosaedrischen Phononen bei 121.9 ( E 1) c) und 94,l meV ( E i c) zugeordnet. Sechs intrinsische Haftniveaus fur Elektronen in Ahtanden zwischen 0,17 und 1,15 eV vom Leitungsband werden nachgewiesen, die bandnahen sind in Ubereinstimmung mit verschiedenen Photoeffekten. Die Haftniveaus werden Verzerrungszustanden der Ikosaeder infolge eines dynamischen Jahn-Teller-Effektes zugeschrieben. Diese Konzeption erlaubt die Erklirung anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften wie der inneren Reibung, der Diskontinuitaten der thermischen Dilatation und der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit, der Temperaturabhangigkeit der ESR-Linienbreite sowie der Konzentration lokalisierter paramagnetischer Zentren (Spindichte und magnetische Suszeptibilitat).
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