Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze a sample of single corridor, pod type and composite type of ICUs in terms of patient visibility, spatial configurations and nurse walking distance focused on Korean cases. Methods:The measures of static visibility were used to quantify the patient visibility (upper third part of the patient bed) from the nurse station. The measure of space programme and area distribution (patient zone percentage, staff zone percentage, circulation zone percentage, corridor length per bed, distance from nurse station (NS) to patient bed and departmental gross square meter (DGSM) per patient bed) were calculated by using AutoCAD and MS Excel programs. In the second step of analysis the values of space distribution were compared among the three type of ICUs as well as the nurse walking distance, DGSM per bed and gross factor.in the third step of analysis regression analysis was conducted for the possible correlation between visibility and space programme and area distribution factors as well as nurse walking distance factors. Results: (1) It was found that on average composite type unit offer highest value of patient visibility followed by pod type, while single corridor type unit offers the minimum value of patient visibility among the three plan typologies. (2) Average patient visibility and DGSM per bed shows a strong positive correlation (r²=0.75) and p=0.026. (3) Average patient visibility and average distance from NS has a strong negative correlation (r²=0.78), and P=0.02. (4) On average composite type unit offer the minimum walking distance from NS (7.22 meter) followed by pod type unit (8.35 meter) and single corridor (9.76 meter). (5) Maximum distance from NS was noted in single corridor (18.19 meter) followed by pod type unit (15.14 meter) and Composite type unit (11.1 meter).Implications: This study may contribute to the visibility analysis of existing and future ICU design in Korea to achieve maximum patient visibility and reduced nurse walking distance.

In the last decade, two significant buildings of the swat state's era were deteriorated and damaged due to natural and man-made disasters, the wadudia school and swat museum. This paper aims to document, analyze and compare these events and subsequent reconstruction of these buildings. Conservation and preservation of built heritage is the collective responsibility of the state and citizens, due to its role as a valuable resource for present and future generations. Heritage buildings not only contain the material evidence of their time but carry itself the long history. This research used a case study as the primary research method combined with a descriptive research method. This study emphasizes the basic consideration for the protection and conservation of numerous heritage sites and buildings of the swat region. This is high time to consider built heritage as assets and resources, for their long-listed benefits including economic educational, and cultural tourism.

The difference between Japanese and Western art and architecture has been in continuous discussion for a long time. There had been an array of literature from both sides, often focusing on single sided representation. This study aims to present an important aspect of Japanese art and architecture for a better understanding of both extremes. This descriptive study is focused on the extensive exploration of available literature and analysis of cultural artifacts that embody the concept of Ma to produce a clear, concise, and rigorous descriptive synthesis for the benefit of architecture students and young professionals. Although the majority of the data used in this literature-based article was secondary, an attempt was made to diagrammatically summarize the entire discussion. The study advises to avoid making blatant simplification in architecture in terms of spatial layout, formal compositions, and technology interventions since they may lead to misapprehensions and cultural oddity.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the syntactic characteristics of traditional and modern house plans in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan for the syntactic parameters influencing privacy. The design of homes has always considered the requirements of the people who live in them. Geographies, cultures, and communities have a diverse spatial configuration for the homes. Livelihood spaces have an established spatial order reflecting the society, social order as well as the personalities of the dwellers. This research used simulation and Floor plan drawings as the primary source of data for justifiable permeability graph-based space syntax analysis. Results show that modern houses offer better options for privacy due to the higher value of relative asymmetry (0.29) and greater tendency toward asymmetry as compared to traditional courtyard house layouts. The home with asymmetrical designs includes many control spaces, so entering other rooms requires crossing through the control spaces.

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