Modern techniques of radiation synthesis, applied for the synthesis of materials, are reviewed, including ionizing radiation (α‐particles, β‐particles/electron beam, γ‐ and X‐rays, neutron and proton irradiation, and ion beams), as well as nonionizing laser ablation and UV irradiation. Formation and/or modification processes of a series of materials, in particular, for nanostructural composites, on the basis of elemental metals, oxides, salts, and polymers are discussed. Radiation‐fabricated membranes are briefly described.