Currently, exhaustion of fossil fuel is one of the serious problems. Oil palm is the prominent oil crop that provides higher yield and consume less energy than the other crops in plantation life. The expansion of oil palm plantation along with the appropriate use of oil palm planted areas and the environmental conservation needs to be concerned. This research aims at analyzing oil palm plantation establishment influencing the sustainable palm oil industry in Thailand. We use an exponential growth model to estimate an increased domestic consumption and production of palm oil for the need of oil palm plantation areas. Therefore, recognition of oil palm plantation with environmental protection by compliance with RSPO standard has also been proposed. For sustainable use, costs structure and productivity improvement of oil palm cultivation is analyzed and suggested.

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Wastes from many industries have an effect on environmental degradation and led problems to manufacturers for disposing them. Likewise, the sugar mill process also generates substantially wastes i.e., bagasse ash and calcium carbonate, which are difficult to eliminate. Furthermore, in water supply treatment process, it has generated the abundant of sediment soil, which are still unutilized and need budgeting for disposing. This research aims to utilize wastes from sugar mill process and water supply treatment process for developing eco-friendly floor tiles ceramics by implementing bagasse ash, calcium carbonate and sediment soil. Tri axial diagram is employed to construct the formula mixtures of three alternative materials with adding brown cullet glass. After dry mixing for all materials according to formulas mixtures, they are moulded by 100 bars of uniaxial pressing in dimension 50 × 100 × 7 mm. Then, they are fired at 1100° and 1150° C. Physical properties; bending strength, water absorption, bulk density, % shrinkage, % weight loss is examined. Bending strength and water absorption are compared with TIS 2508-2555. In addition, microstructure of fired specimens is analysed by Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Diffractometer.

This research intended to investigate the influence of rice husk ash (RHA), green glass cullet (GGC) and local white clay (LWC) in Thailand on the physical properties of fired clay tiles. Utilization of RHA and GGC were the main objectives. Proportion of RHA varying from 10-60% by weight was conducted. Specimens of mixture formulation were sintered at 950 °C. The results revealed that the formula no. A7 containing 70% GGC and 30% LWC can develop greenish color. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was carried out to characterize microstructure and found the glassy phase in fired specimen. Moreover, nepheline (Na2Al2Si2O8) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) were detected by the X-ray diffraction technique. These phases can promote the strength of fired clay tiles. Meanwhile, the specimen of formula no. B13 comprising 60% GGC, 30% LWC and 10% RHA can develop the mullite phase (3Al2O32SiO2). Effect of utilizing RHA in this formula can develop greyish color of ceramic tiles. Physical properties of formula no. A7 and B13 can achieve 30.15, 24.54 MPa of bending strength and 1.91, 11.72% of water absorption. They all can pass Thai Industrial Standard (TIS 2508-2555). The result of this study can be employed to manufacture environmentally friendly fired clay tiles.