The Paris Agreement introduces long-term strategies as an instrument to inform progressively more ambitious emission reduction objectives, whilst holding development goals paramount in context of national circumstances. In the lead up to COP21, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project developed mid-century low-emission pathways for 16 countries, based on an innovative pathway design framework. In this Perspective we describe this framework and show how it can support the development of sectorally and technologically detailed and policy-relevant country-driven strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal. We also discuss how this framework can be used to engage stakeholder input and buy-in; design implementation policy packages; reveal necessary technological, financial and institutional enabling conditions; and support global stocktaking and ratcheting of ambition.

This study analyzed the role of low-carbon energy technologies in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of Indonesia's energy sector by 2030. The aim of this study was to provide insights into the Indonesian government's approach to developing a strategy and plan for mitigating emissions and achieving Indonesia's emission reduction targets by 2030, as pledged in the country's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. The Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium (AIM/CGE) model was used to quantify three scenarios that had the same socioeconomic assumptions: baseline, countermeasure (CM)1, and CM2, which had a higher emission reduction target than that of CM1. Results of the study showed that an Indonesian low-carbon energy system could be achieved with two pillars, namely, energy efficiency measures and deployment of less carbon-intensive energy systems (i.e., the use of renewable energy in the power and transport sectors, and the use of natural gas in the power sector and in transport). Emission reductions would also be satisfied through the electrification of end-user consumption where the electricity supply becomes decarbonized by deploying renewables for power generation. Under CM1, Indonesia could achieve a 15.5% emission reduction target (compared to the baseline scenario). This reduction could be achieved using efficiency measures that reduce final energy demand by 4%; This would require the deployment of geothermal power plants at a rate six times greater than the baseline scenario and four times the use of hydropower than that used in the baseline scenario. Greater carbon reductions (CM2; i.e., a 27% reduction) could be achieved with similar measures to CM1 but with more intensive penetration. Final energy demand would need to be cut by 13%, deployment of geothermal power plants would need to be seven times greater than at baseline, and hydropower use would need to be five times greater than the baseline case. Carbon prices under CM1 and CM2 were US$16 and US$63 (2005)/tCO 2 , respectively. The mitigation scenarios for 2030 both had a small positive effect on gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the baseline scenario (0.6% and 0.3% for CM1 and CM2, respectively). This is mainly due to the combination of two assumptions. The first is that there would be a great increase in coal-fired power in the baseline scenario. The other assumption is that there is low productivity in coal-related industries. Eventually, when factors such as capital and labor shift from coal-related industries to other low-carbon-emitting sectors in the CM cases are put in place, the total productivity of the economy would offset low-carbon investment.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory study invest igating the mpacity of COZto extract hydrocarbons frdn cmde oils, The etlkzts of pressure, temperature and oil composition on the extraction G~pacityof C02 were studicd, Extract ion experiments using C02 with Sulimar Queen stock tank oil and Spraberry scpmtor oil samples at pressures bctwccn 1000 and 1900 psig were performed each at 95 "F and 138"F. The experiments were performd by continuously inject iug C02 through 5(X)-CC of oil placed in a 1.15 liter extraction vessel while cent inuously producing the upWr or C02 phase which contains the ext met ion products.C02 extraction capacity was found to bc a strong fhnction of pressure and temperature. The extraction capacity increases with increasing pressure and decremcs with increasing tcnlpcrature. For the oils used in this study, thc presence of solut ion gas in the oil does not affect the C02 extraction capacity, A CO#Minlar Queen oil extraction experiment at constant pressure and temperature of 1200 psig and 95 "F, respectively, was performed for m extended period oft imc to determine the numinnnn oil recovery that can be achicvcd by C02 extraction. It was found from the experiment that COZcould recover at Icmt 70 vol % or 64 wt ?4. of the original oil in place. The COZ cxt ract ion capacity decreased from mound 0,3 g oil/g C02 injeetcd at the beginning of the extraction to 0.005 g oiVg C02 injected at the time of termination.Comparison of the extraction and slim tube tests results shows that the slim tube minimum miscibility pressures (MMPs) m near the pressure range at which a drast ic increase in COz-oil extraction rate occurs, which implies that C02 cxtmction is a major factor in C02-oil miscibility development. The comparison also shows that the cxt raction experiment appears to have promise as a good COz-oil MMP estimation method.