Ports can be defined as the main centers of maritime transportation and trade, which provide the continuity of international trade as well as provide loading and unloading services to ships. As a result of the globalizing world, the importance of ports has continued to increase day by day because trade can be made faster and more efficiently. The fact that the ports are located at such a critical point, the increasing transaction volume, and the development of environmentally sensitive systems bring along an inevitable process of change. At this point, with increasing awareness, the concept of a green port has been developed. Green port is an approach that aims to minimize the adverse effects on the environment and ecosystem. While the ports continue their activities to achieve this goal, it aims to use systems that use energy resources efficiently and effectively while meeting energy needs and having the most negligible impact on the ecosystem. The equipment that maintains port operations, port equipment, and ships berthing in the port are energy-consuming elements. This study aims to analyze the energy efficiency in ports from a green port perspective by using the literature review method. In this context, the energy efficiency practices of two of the leading ports in Europe were examined. As a result of the qualitative analysis, it has been determined that the studies of the ports for energy efficiency have reached a critical point, and an approach compatible with the green port principles has been exhibited.

Market-based Measures (MBM), a catalyst for new and effective technologies, can be advantageous for the shipping industry on its way to reaching 50% decarbonization by 2050. MBMs are the focal point at the decision-taking level for the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and European Commission (EC) to regulate emissions and improve energy efficiency in the maritime transportation industry. EC included shipping into European Union's (EU) existing Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). However, IMO's scheme will be functional after 2023, and the decision of an MBM is not finalized yet. The motivation of this paper is to analyze viable MBMs under the Initial IMO Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Strategy based on their superiority and evaluate the influence of EU policy implementation on the global shipping industry. The issues such as economic implications, feasibility, social and environmental responsibilities, and harmony of the policy are included in the paper to assess the success of the MBMs. Main concerns and thoughts revolving around EU ETS; such as economic implications of taxation, the existence of an administrative body for shipping in EU ETS, carbon leakage caused by high tax, voyage evasion of emissions by not delivering goods to distant areas, the emergence of a fraud-proof and more secure system with an administrative body, success factors of EU ETS after 16 years, full certainty of reducing emissions rather than incentives to reduce emissions, monitoring, and reporting schemes; are discussed to bridge the issue with EU's reasonings.

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One of the reasons that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions estimation is imprecise is the uncertainty of aerosol impacts on cloud properties. Maritime transportation is slowly changing fuel preferences. With the policy framework changing regulations, the shipping business is going in a direction that emits less sulfur dioxide and black carbon, which are the compounds that cause linear cloud formations known as ship tracks. Aside from their effects on the total radiative forcing of a transportation mean, this phenomenon enables the detection of ships via satellite imagery sensors. The rapidly increasing trend of shifting propulsion of maritime transportation from conventional heavy fuel oil and distillate marine fuels to liquefied natural gas causes enormous hikes in methane emissions. Therefore, oxidation of the volatile organic compound in the marine boundary layer by the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere makes significant deposition of formaldehyde which causes human effects, ecosystem damage, and climate impact. The primary triggering substance among the compounds in the ship plume is methane. This paper discusses methods to assess near real time tracking of anomalies and the deposition of the short lived substance in different seasons in one of the main occurring areas, shipping corridors. The study also employs anomaly map analysis for June and December 2010 and 2020. Several global tracking methods are available with satellites, monitoring experiments, and other satellite tracking tools. Apart from a few areas the results are not indicative since the formaldehyde formations caused by LNG fueled ships are not widespread enough alongside with overall LNG fueled fleet. On the other hand, the analysis and method are promising for the follow-up of the emissions in the future.

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