OBJECTIVE To better understand the genital changes that occur during the female sexual response, using a gross anatomical and histological study of the vascular tissue of the vulva, supplemented with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven cadaveric vulvectomy specimens were used; they were serially sectioned in coronal, sagittal, and axial planes, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Selected blocks were stained with elastic Masson's trichrome. Axial MR images were taken of two healthy women with intact sexual functioning using a gadolinium‐based blood‐pool contrast agent. A 1.5 T system was used for all MRI studies, with images taken at baseline and during sexual arousal while viewing an erotic videotape. RESULTS There are five vascular compartments of the female external genitalia, found in the clitoris, clitoral bulbs, labia minora, urethra, and vestibule/vagina. Of these five compartments, two distinct types of vascular tissue were identified, i.e. erectile and non‐erectile/specialized genital. The erectile tissue compartments had the greatest change in blood volume during sexual arousal, as assessed by MRI. CONCLUSIONS The vulva contains a substantial amount of vascular tissue. These specialized tissues show a variable, but unified response to sexual arousal.

Context: Embedded systems have overwhelming penetration around the world. Innovations are increasingly triggered by software embedded in automotive, transportation, medical-equipment, communication, energy, and many other types of systems. To test embedded software in an effective and efficient manner, a large number of test techniques, approaches, tools and frameworks have been proposed by both practitioners and researchers in the last several decades. Objective: However, reviewing and getting an overview of the entire state-of-the-art and the-practice in this area is challenging for a practitioner or a (new) researcher. Also unfortunately, as a result, we often see that many companies reinvent the wheel (by designing a test approach new to them, but existing in the domain) due to not having an adequate overview of what already exists in this area. Method: To address the above need, we conducted and report in this paper a systematic literature review (SLR) in the form of a systematic literature mapping (SLM) in this area. After compiling an initial pool of 588 papers, a systematic voting about inclusion/exclusion of the papers was conducted among the authors, and our final pool included 312 technical papers. Results: Among the various aspects that we aim at covering, our review covers the types of testing topics studied, types of testing activity, types of test artifacts generated (e.g., test inputs or test code), and the types of industries in which studies have focused on, e.g., automotive and home appliances. Furthermore, we assess the benefits of this review by asking several active test engineers in the Turkish embedded software industry to review its findings and provide feedbacks as to how this review has benefitted them. Conclusion: The results of this review paper have already benefitted several of our industry partners in choosing the right test techniques / approaches for their embedded software testing challenges. We believe that it will also be useful for the large worldwide community of software engineers and testers in the embedded software industry, by serving as an "index" to the vast body of knowledge in this important area. Our results will also benefit researchers in observing the latest trends in this area and for identifying the topics which need further investigations.

Abstract. Embedded systems have overwhelming penetration around the world. Innovations are increasingly triggered by software embedded in automotive, transportation, medical-equipment, communication, energy, and many other types of systems. To test embedded software in a cost effective manner, a large number of test techniques, approaches, tools and frameworks have been proposed by both practitioners and researchers in the last several decades. However, reviewing and getting an overview of the entire state-of-theart and the -practice in this area is challenging for a practitioner or a (new) researcher. Also unfortunately, we often see that some companies reinvent the wheel (by designing a test approach new to them, but existing in the domain) due to not having an adequate overview of what already exists in this area. To address the above need, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) in the form of a systematic mapping (classification) in this area. After compiling an initial pool of 560 papers, a systematic voting was conducted among the authors, and our final pool included 272 technical papers. The review covers the types of testing topics studied, types of testing activity, types of test artifacts generated (e.g., test inputs or test code), and the types of industries in which studies have focused on, e.g., automotive and home appliances. Our article aims to benefit the readers (both practitioners and researchers) by serving as an "index" to the vast body of knowledge in this important and fast-growing area.

Registration number of clinical trials registry: 2013/43-16. ABSTRACTPurpose: To evaluate the association between macular hole volume (MHV) and postoperative central macular thickness (CMT) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Thirty-three eyes of 30 patients with a large full-thickness idiopathic macular hole with or without vitreomacular traction who underwent surgical intervention were included in this cross-sectional study. Complete ophthalmological examination, including SD-OCT, was performed for all participants during the pre-and postoperative visits. MHV was preoperatively measured using SD-OCT, which captured the widest cross-sectional image of the hole. For normal distribution analysis of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and for statistical analyses, chi-square, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were performed. Results: Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and MHV were found to be 0.99 ± 0.36 (range, 0.3-2.0) logMAR and 0.139 ± 0.076 (range, 0.004-0.318) mm 3 , respectively. Mean follow-up was 16.3 ± 14.3 (range, 3-50) months. No statistical correlations were found between MHV and postoperative BCVA (p=0.588) and between MHV and disease recurrence (p=0.544). A weak negative correlation existed between MHV and final CMT scores (p=0.04, r=-0.383). Conclusions: Greater MHV was found to be weakly associated with lower postoperative CMT scores. Keywords:Retinal perforations/surgery; Tomography, optical coherence; Vitrectomy; Macula lutea; Postoperative period (variação de 0,004-0,318). O seguimento médio foi de 16,3 ± 14,3 meses (variação de 3-50). Não foram encontradas correlações estatísticas entre 588), bem como MHV e recorrência da doença (p=0,544). Uma fraca correlação negativa estava presente entre MHV e pontuações finais CMT (p=0,04,383 RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o volume do buraco macular (MHV) e a espessura macular central pós-operatória (CMT) por meio da tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT

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