Promoting environmental sustainability to secure and protect the ecosystem has been a major concern to many nations and nongovernmental organizations. Energy is considered one of the main contributors to carbon emissions which destroys the quality of the environment. Therefore, the study uses Two-stage least squares to examine the effect of energy (renewable and fossil energy) and economic growth on carbon emissions in Ghana. To ensure the quality of our result, Robustness Least Square and Generalized Method of Moments are employed as a robustness check. The data for the study is from 1990 to 2018. The result of the study indicates that renewable energy and fossil fuel cause carbon emissions in Ghana within the years under review. Economic growth has no relevant effect on carbon emissions. To promote environmental sustainability in Ghana, measures should be put in place to encourage the use of cleaner energy. The government should establish cooperation with countries with high renewable technologies to benefit from their innovations to improve on their renewable energy consumption.

In the process of achieving carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality goals, conflict situations often arise from advancing energy equity, energy security, and environmental sustainability. Taking China as a case study, we developed an assessment model for conflict levels of energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability, based on an evaluation method for the degree of synergy in composite systems, and measured and analyzed the conflict levels of these three dimensions in 2010 and 2017. According to the results, China’s overall energy security and energy equity are in a state of conflict. While the level of conflict has eased, the conflict between China’s provincial energy security and energy equity is relatively large and more serious in certain provinces, including Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Concerning the relationship between energy security and environmental sustainability and between energy equity and environmental sustainability, China as a whole has moved out of a state of conflict, but significant differences exist among different provinces. This paper reveals the relationship between energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability in China’s energy transition and provides support for the just energy transition of this country.

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