Surgical and open wounds are commonly encountered in clinical practice. This study was aim to Staphylococcus aureus had the highest number of occurrence with 54(35.76%) followed by Coagulate negetive Staphylococci with 47(31.1%) while Citrobacter freundii had the lowest number of occurrence with 2(1.32%) isolates. Also, the susceptibility of the isolates to antimicrobial agents were carried out using Amoxacillin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ampiclox, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Pefloxacin and Cotrimoxazole. The mean zone of inhibition recorded against Staphlococcus aureus by using Amoxacillin antibiotic is 2.20mm while with Citrobacter freundii is 1.00.

Antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria is increasing worldwide especially against ß-lactam drugs, due to the production of ß-lactamase enzymes which destroy the ß-lactam ring of these antibiotics, thus preventing the action of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). The prevalence of β-lactamase producing bacteria among patients admitted in three different hospitals were carried out in this study. The results of this study shows that out of one hundred and fifty one isolates obtained in three different hospitals in Sokoto metropolis, only 82 (54.0%) were resistant to the antibiotics tested. These include 42 (51.2%) were isolated in Usmanu Danfodiyo Teaching Hospital (UDUT), 26 (31.7%) were isolated from Specialist Hospital Sokoto (S.H.S) and 14 (17.1%) were isolated from Maryam Abatcha Women and Children Hospital (MAWCH) which has the least number of occurrence of the resistant isolates. β-lactamase test was carried out on the resistant isolates show s that out of the 82 isolates found resistant to the antibiotics tested, about 60 (73.2%) were β-lactamase positive and the remaining 22 (26.8%) were β-lactamase negative. Staphylococcus aureus has the highest resistant bacteria producing β-lactamase enzyme with 22 isolates, followed by Proteus mirabilis with 10 isolates.

The risk of transfusion of transmissible HIV infection was investigated amongst potential blood donors from three health care institutions in Sokoto, North West Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty (350) blood samples from study subjects were screened for HIV antibody using Determine kit for HIV 1&2 (by Alere) and Uni-gold kit (biotech) for second antibody screening. All blood samples negative for the HIV antibodies using RDT were further screened for thep24 antigen using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results obtained showed that blood samples from 3(0.9%) study subjects were sero-positive for HIV antibody using the serial algorithm. There was no statistically significant difference (p=1.000) between the two RDT screening kits used. Nine blood donors 9(2.6%) were positive for HIV-1 p24-antigen using ELISA test. Overall results showed that the prevalence rate of HIV was 3.4% amongst all study subjects. However, sensitivity and specificity of RDT was 3.4% and 96% while the positive and negative predictive value was 100% and 97% respectively. The low incidence of 0.9% obtained using RDT clearly indicates that the antibody tests had failed to detect the newly infected blood donors. This is confirmed by the more sensitive and specific p24 antigen test.Thus, the risk of transmitting undetected HIV antigens from such sero-negative blood samples is expectedly high. Even though transmission of blood and blood products is a routine in our health care settings, it should only be done when benefit clearly outweighs the risk.