The main cause of this severe chronic illness is the measles virus. Measles affects people of all ages, despite the fact that it is typically thought to be a childhood disease, and the majority of people only acquire it once in their lives. The disease is brought on by the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus. Prior to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases of the measles had been dropping internationally for the previous 20 years. Nigeria is one of the major African countries where the illness has been reported by health experts, indicating that there are more instances than usual. The case fatality rate (CFR) in Nigeria's north-central region was the highest at 4.38%, while the CFR in the south-west was the lowest at 0.17%. The first sign of measles is typically a high fever that begins 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus and lasts for 4 to 7 days. The hallmark symptoms include the four-day fever (the 4 Ds), cough, coryza (head cold, fever, sneezing), conjunctivitis (red eyes), and maculopapular rash. The case fatality rate (CFR) in Nigeria's north-central region was the highest at 4.38%, while the CFR in the south-west was the lowest at 0.17%. Measles often begins with a high fever that lasts for 4 to 7 days after exposure to the virus. Typical symptoms include the four-day fever (the 4 D's), cough, coryza (head cold, fever, sneezing), conjunctivitis (red eyes), and a maculopapular rash.

Zika virus sickness causes a mild fever, rash, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia, and non-purulent conjunctivitis, and symptoms appear two to seven days after contact with an infected mosquito. The zika virus is what causes the zika virus sickness, or just zika. Seldom do symptoms appear, and when they do, they could be comparable to dengue fever symptoms. Possible symptoms include maculopapular rash, fever, red eyes, joint pain, headaches, and a likely duration of about 2 days. Possible adverse effects include rashes, fever, conjunctivitis, aching muscles and joints, general malaise, and headaches. Zika virus infection has also been strongly linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which is characterised by rapidly developing muscle weakness brought on by immune system injury to the peripheral nerve system. Most often, Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti in tropical areas, spread the disease. Based on the typical symptoms, a wide differential diagnosis can be made for zika virus infection. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) screening enables a more accurate diagnosis. Although there is now no vaccination available, staying inside and avoiding mosquito bites will help you avoid a lot of diseases. Despite the rarity of occurrences of Zika virus sickness in the most populous nation in Africa, it is crucial to increase public knowledge in order to avoid any potential health issues.

Prostate cancer (PC) is an age-related malignancy that is very common in adult males with a very high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. Chronic inflammation is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tissue necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PC). Its diagnosis remains a challenge even with a combination of methods. Serum prostate specific antigen (Serum-PSA) is the universally accepted biomarker for PC detection. However, it is neither specific nor confirmatory. The aim of this study was to compare IL-6 and TNF-α levels in PC and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) subjects. This cross-sectional, descriptive, non-random study involved 60 histologically diagnosed PC and 20 BPH subjects attending the Urology Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used to assay the cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). From this study the peak incidence of PC and BPH subjects was observed at 60-69 years with a mean age of 68.31± 7.72 years and 66.5 ± 10.6 years respectively. The observed difference in IL-6 level in the PC and BPH subjects was not statistically significant (P = .6696). However, the mean serum TNF-α level (29.6 ± 3.2pg/ml) was significantly higher in PC subjects when compared to BPH subject levels (25.3 ± 4.7pg/ml) for TNF α. This study has shown that PC subjects have higher level TNF-α and as such it can serve as a differential marker for PC.