Hyperglycemia leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These free radicals are implicated in the complications of DM. Various animal studies have proved that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress causes a reduction in beta cell mass and impairment in its function. 3,4 Epidemiological studies, clinical trials and ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is the etiological factor for oxidative stress-induced microvascular and macrovascular complications. Many animal experimental models and clinical trials have proved the antioxidant defense mechanism of flavonoids in ameliorating the progression of chronic diabetic complications. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of silymarin in alloxan induced Type I diabetes. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six each. Group I served as control. Group II, III, IV and V were diabetic rats. Group II diabetic rats received the vehicle. Groups III and IV were treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of silymarin, respectively. Group V was treated with glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg). After 3 weeks, blood samples were collected from all the groups of animals to measure serum glucose, urea and creatinine. Lipid peroxidation study and histopathological study were conducted in the renal tissue to confirm the oxidative damage. Results: The serum glucose, urea and creatinine significantly increased in untreated diabetic rats. In addition, there was a significant rise in lipid peroxidation with a glomerular atrophy and necrotic tubular epithelium in the renal tissue. The rise in serum glucose, urea and creatinine was ameliorated by silymarin. The renal tissue showed increased antioxidant levels, decreased lipid peroxides and only mild changes in glomeruli and tubules. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate silymarin is an effective nutritional supplement to prevent complications of diabetes.

Background: Peptic ulcer disease is the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases caused by an imbalance between gastric stimulant or aggressive factors and the mucosal defensive factors. The defence of flavonoids against the tissue oxidative stress is being proved in various animal models for wide pharmacological effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-oxidant effect of quercetin in histamine induced gastric ulcers.Methods: Male guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups (n=6). Group I includes normal control. Group 2, 3 and 4 were induced gastric ulcers with histamine as intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Group 2 serves as the gastric ulcer control. Group 3 and Group 4 are pre-treated with quercetin 200 mg/kg per orally (PO) and ranitidine 100 mg/kg PO respectively 45mins before histamine injection. After 4 hours of histamine injection, the animals were sacrificed to collect blood samples and stomach tissue for estimation of plasma and tissue antioxidant levels.Results: On estimation of antioxidant levels both in plasma and stomach tissues the SOD and CAT levels increased in the Group 3 and 4 significantly and also a significant reduction in MDA levels were noted in the Group 3 and 4 compared to the gastric ulcer control group.Conclusions: Hence, with flavonoids quercetin utilization in histamine induced gastric ulcers, the antioxidants showed comparative levels with ranitidine treatment groups. So a permanent cure for the chronic gastric ulcers could be proved in further studies as this is the milestone, tough to achieve in general clinical practice.

Background: Hyperlipidemia or Dyslipidemia is the major cause of atherosclerosis1 and associated conditions. Low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are the major causes of increased atherogenic risk 1. Aggressive cholesterol reduction in patients with atherosclerotic disease is now the standard of care2. In addition to life style modification, patients with risk factors need lipid lowering drug therapy. The drugs available now do not reduce LDL oxidation, and oxidative stress associated with hyperlipidemia. In recent years, antioxidants have been subjected to epidemiological studies4 that have related their consumption to a reduction in the incidence of oxidative damage related diseases.Methods: Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by administration of high cholesterol diet for 30 days in standard rat chow diet. Rats were divided into four groups of six each. Group-I and II with intake of normal diet and High cholesterol diet respectively. Group III and IV are given high cholesterol diet along with Lutein 50mg/kg and Atorvastatin 5mg/kg orally once daily respectively. At the end of 30 days animals were subjected to overnight fasting. Blood samples were drawn by retro-orbital puncture for biochemical analysis. The animals were sacrificed after thiopentone injection and liver and aorta were dissected out and processed for histopathological study and biochemical analysis.Results: Lutein treated group showed even more significant reduction in TBARS levels than the normal control group and Atorvastatin treated group. The efficacy of Lutein in slowing down the atherosclerosis and fatty infiltration of liver is proved in this study.Conclusions: Hence the present study had shown significant hypolipidemic, antiatherogenic and antioxidant effect of Luetin in Hyperlipidemic rats.

Aim and Objectives: This study evaluated the acute and repeated dose toxicity effects of Clevira Syrup Polyherbal formulation (CSPHF), which was prepared from ten different herbs, well known and widely used in traditional medicine for the management of viral infections and other inflammatory disease conditions. Individually these herbs (Carica papaya, Melia azedarach, Andrographis paniculata, Vetiveria zizanioides, Trichosanthes dioica, Cyperus rotundus, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Mollugo Cerviana and Tinospora cordifolia )were completely safe, but the polyherbal formulation effects were not known. Thus, this study was done for the investigation of toxicological profile of CSPHF in Wistar Albino rats. Methods: As per OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines 423 and 407, Acute and Repeated dose toxicity study were proceeded. In the acute toxicity study a single dose of CSPHF (2000mg/kg) was administered orally to female Wistar rats and in repeated dose toxicity study, CSPHF was administered orally in Control group and three different doses (1000, 500 and 250mg/kg body weight) to both male and female wistar albino rats for 28 days. At the end of the study, the animals were euthanized, observed the external and internal morphology (Acute Toxicity) and assessed the effect of CSPHF on histopathological and biochemical parameters (Repeated Dose toxicity study). Results: In acute toxicity study, there were no visual signs of toxicity of CSPHF (2000mg/kg) observed, whereas in Repeated dose toxicity study Ischaemia, inflammation and hematoma of the internal organs were observed at 1000mg/kg dose, but no such toxic features were seen at 500 and 250mg/kg dose of CSPHF. Conclusion: The results of the Acute and Repeated Dose toxicity study could be authenticated in future studies, which will be more useful and evidence based for the management of Viral infectionsduring pandemics.

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