In India, use of both contraceptive and childbearing intentions predicts contraceptive demand better than use of either indicator alone, and may thus help program planners estimate future demand for contraceptive services.

1 We describe the properties of a novel nonpeptide kinin B 1 receptor antagonist, NVP-SAA164, and demonstrate its in vivo activity in models of inflammatory pain in transgenic mice expressing the human B 1 receptor. 2 NVP-SAA164 showed high affinity for the human B 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells (K i 8 nM), and inhibited increases in intracellular calcium induced by desArg 10 kallidin (desArg 10 KD) (IC 50 33 nM). While a similar high affinity was observed in monkey fibroblasts (K i 7.7 nM), NVP-SAA164 showed no affinity for the rat B 1 receptor expressed in Cos-7 cells. 3 In transgenic mice in which the native B 1 receptor was deleted and the gene encoding the human B 1 receptor was inserted (hB 1 knockin, hB 1 -KI), hB 1 receptor mRNA was induced in tissues following LPS treatment. No mRNA encoding the mouse or human B 1 receptor was detected in mouse B 1 receptor knockout (mB 1 -KO) mice following LPS treatment. 4 Freund's complete adjuvant-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was similar in wild-type and hB 1 -KI mice, but was significantly reduced in mB 1 -KO animals. Mechanical hyperalgesia induced by injection of the B 1 agonist desArg 10 KD into the contralateral paw 24 h following FCA injection was similar in wild-type and hB 1 -KI mice, but was absent in mB 1 -KO animals. 5 Oral administration of NVP-SAA164 produced a dose-related reversal of FCA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and desArg 10 KD-induced hyperalgesia in hB 1 -KI mice, but was inactive against inflammatory pain in wild-type mice. 6 These data demonstrate the use of transgenic technology to investigate the in vivo efficacy of species selective agents and show that NVP-SAA164 is a novel orally active B 1 receptor antagonist, providing further support for the utility of B 1 receptor antagonists in inflammatory pain conditions in man.

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National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) data have shown that nearly half of all malaria deaths in India occur in tribal-dominated areas. The present study took a qualitative approach to understanding community perceptions and practices related to malarial infection and anti-malarial programmes. Twelve focus group discussions and 26 in-depth interviews of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) were conducted in nine villages in the district of Gadchiroli, Maharashtra state in India in June 2016. A total of 161 village residents (94 males and 67 females) participated in the focus group discussions and 26 health workers participated in the in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using the content analysis approach. The findings revealed widespread misconceptions about malaria among village residents, and low use of preventive measures and anti-malarial services. Ignorance and treatment by unqualified traditional healers delay effective treatment seeking. Furthermore, failure to maintain drug compliance adds to the gravity of the problem. The study identified the social and behavioural factors affecting treatment uptake and use of treatment facilities in the study area. These should help the development of the behavioural change communication arm of any control strategy for malaria through improving community participation, so improving preventive practices and optimizing utilization of anti-malarial services.

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