Short course curricula for seafarers using a traditional, teacher-focused, instructional pedagogy has resulted in students demonstrating surfacelevel achievement of learning outcomes and limited development of their critical thinking skills. This paper reports on the introduction of a student-centric pedagogy aiming to develop self-directed learning and critical thinking. The elements included introducing authentic and collaborative learning activities, constructively aligned with the content delivery and assessment. The differences between the current 'traditional' approach and a 'student-centric' approach was evaluated. This included a pre-and post-test on student assessment, and a set of semi-structured interviews with the students. A thematic analysis identified three themes including: authentic learning, constructivist learning and self-directed learning. The evaluation demonstrated that a student-centric approach promotes critical thinking and active learning in students, improving learning outcomes.

Background: Empathy is one of the most vital parts of medical ethics that is a prerequisite for good clinical practice, yet the level of empathy of the doctors has not been up to the mark. Objective: To measure empathy of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 crisis Materials and Methods: This was a cross Sectional Study done in almost all public and private tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. The study duration was 6 months (10 September 2021-10 Febuary 2022) after the approval of research proposal. The sampling method was non probability convenient sampling. The inclusion criteria were health professionals involved in the care of the COVID 19 patients like pulmonogists, physicians, trainee doctors, nurses and chest physiotherapists. Exclusion criteria were the doctors from other specialties who were not taking in the management of such patients. Empathy scale was used to collect responses of the participants .The data was analyzed using SPSS latest version Results: Significant association was seen between Consultants, Nurses and PGRs with that they were not interested in patient’s personal matters as these are not relevant to medical treatment. i.e. p-value <0.001. Significant association was seen between Consultants, Nurses and PGRs they Viewed things from patient’ perspectives might confuse me and make me too distracted to take the right clinical decision (cognitive). I.e. p-value=0. 026 Conclusion: The level of empathy did get affected to a colossal extent during the COVID-19 pandemic as reflected by the above results. Keywords: Empathy, COVID 19, healthcare professionals

Background: Hepatitis E is one of the most common diseases during pregnancy which can cause increased mortality and devastating complications. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of Pregnant Women towards Hepatitis E Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Maqsood Medical Complex General Hospital for a duration of six months. The sampling technique was non probability convenient sampling. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women in first trimester aged between18 and 45 years. Patients with molar pregnancy and those having history of gastrointestinal disorders were excluded from the study. A total of 100 patients were taken Results: Among women 80% heard about Hepatitis E, 81% known a person ever infected with viral infection, 60% don’t know that this infection was caused by virus, only 46% reported that they knew that It was transmitted through contaminated food and water, 56% reported that they knew it was transmitted by blood transfusion, 54% reported that they knew it can be transmitted sexually, 45% knew that it can be transmitted from mother to fetus, 61% reported that they knew that Hepatitis E is more dangerous in pregnancy, only 26% reported that they knew it can cause hepatic failure and only 38% reported that they knew there is vaccination of Hepatitis E. Questions regarding attitude of women towards Hepatitis-E showed that only 45% reported that they were at risk of getting Hepatitis-E infection Conclusion: From the above results one can conclude that there was good awareness of hepatitis E among pregnant women, yet there is a need for more health education and vaccination drive to reduce its mortality. Keywords: Hepatitis E, Pregnancy

Background: Despite the world over recognition of bullying it still remains an understudied area which needs further research. Furthermore, the administrations and heads of departments are reluctant to acknowledge that there is occurrence bullying in their institution.Objective: To identify bullying behaviors experienced by post graduate residents in clinical environment and the strategies used for coping with them.Material and Methods:  A total of 355 participants were taken. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data, consisted of three parts:Negative Acts Questionnaire,Brief COPE Inventory; and a demographic sheet. Results: There were 125(35.21%) participants who were used to giving up the attempt to cope, I've been getting emotional support from others was told by 116(32.67%), I've been blaming myself for things that happened was reportedby 111(31.26%), I've been criticizing myself was told by 107(30.14%). Others coping strategies (now and then, monthly, weekly daily) were identified as praying or meditating by 295(83.09%) participants, learning to live with it by 291(81.97%) and thinking hard about what steps to take by 291(81.97). The bullying behaviors experienced by residents were having your opinions and views ignored were reported by 259(72.95%), 247(69.57%) told about being ordered to do work below your level of competence, blaming myself for things that happened for 244(68.73%), repeated reminders of your errors or mistakes by 239(67.32%). Conclusion: It is concluded that bullying is major problem and must be minimized in new residents by making it part of curriculum or polices of various institutions. Keywords: Workplace, bullying, mental torture, workload, residents.