The aim of this study is to determine the effect of neem leaves in preserving the mineral elements content of two tomato types from Sokoto state, Nigeria. Healthy, ripe and firm tomato fruits brought from Sokoto City, were selected, cleaned for this study. 5%, 10% and 25% by were prepared by dissolving respective 5g, 10g and 25g neem extracts in 9.5, 9.0 and 7.5 liters of distilled water respectively to preserve tomatoes. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design. And elements, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P were determined in the tomatoes after the experiment using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Na, K, Ca, and P in Daneka after preservation ranges are: 1.1-1.3(ppm), 2.1-2.3 (ppm), 1.0-1.3 (ppm), 0.30-0.34 (ppm), and 0.3200-0.3330 (ppm) respectively. The levels of Na, K, Ca, and P in UTC after preservation ranges are: 1.6-1.10 (ppm), 1.6-1.10 (ppm), 0.10-1.16 (ppm), 0.30-0.35 (ppm), and 0.9997-1.0998 (ppm) respectively; revealing an increasing trend of elemental contents of all the tomato cultivars with an increasing neem concentration. Thus, the neem leaves indicate the capacity to preserve a typical quality parameter of tomatoes, that is concentration of Na, K, Ca, and P elements at p < 0.05 significant level.

Plastic materials are ubiquitous in our environment due to increased demand and poor management. Therein, these materials find their way into biological systems on land and water, leading to public health problems. Plastics become fragmented or degraded to yield smaller particles that enter into the body, which may be retained or translocated to organs and tissues. Thus, this paper identifies common fates and biochemical interaction with biological system and creates awareness and measures to curtail the escalating trend of plastics dangers in our environment.

Education delves into issues in developing nations, including Sokoto; thus, poor supervision rendered public schools poor than private ones. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between instructional supervision and teacher effectiveness in senior secondary schools in Tambuwal local government area of Sokoto state, Nigeria using a correlational survey design. Therewith, 165 teachers and 9 principals were involved. Analysis shows that 84(52.5%) of teachers agreed that their planned lessons contain learner-centered activities, and 41(25.6%) strongly agreed. Teachers' responses on My principal ensures that I use teaching aids in teaching, 101(63.1%) agreed, 32(20%) strongly agreed, 12(7.5%), and 9(5.6%) disagreed and strongly disagreed, respectively. Regarding teachers' use of modern methods of teaching, 7(77.8%) of the principals agreed, and 2(22.2%) strongly agreed. Principals' responses on Teachers in my school ensure that students gain mastery of the content of instruction reveals 6(66.7%) of them agreed, 2(22.2%) were undecided, and 1(11.1%) strongly agreed. On teachers keeping records of vital information of instruction, most principals are positive as 4(44.4%) and 4(44.4%) agreed and strongly agreed, respectively; 1(11.1%) undecided. Principals submitted Teachers keeping records of student’s assessment 5(55.6%) as agreed, 3(33.3%) strongly agreed, and 1(11.1%) undecided. Pearson Product Moment Correlation shows a very high positive correlation between instructional supervision and the appropriateness of teaching methods used in the study area; likewise, there is a moderate positive relationship between instructional supervision and teacher record keeping. Effective supervision of secondary schools is needed for teacher effectiveness in schools in Tambuwal local government area and Sokoto state, Nigeria

This study was aimed to assess the effect of season, habitat and leaf age on proximate composition of leaves of Senna occidentalis L. and S. obtusifolia L. Leaves samples were collected from stands of Fadama Research Farm and Upland (Biological garden) at Permanent Site, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto and analyzed for nutrient contents using oven drying, muffle furnace ashing, soxhlet extraction, distillation and ashing, micro Kjeldahl method, and difference (NFE) methods. Data was subjected to ANOVA and LSD at 0.05% for means separation. The results for interaction effect were all statistically significant (P<0.05) in the leaves of the two Senna species and were influenced variedly by the treatment factors. Specifically, rainy subseason, fadama and upland habitats, young and matured leaves treatments favoured most of the nutrient contents (e.g. moisture, ash, crude fibre and NFE) in the following ranges : Moisture (31.37 -81.07%), Ash (3..50 -80.00%), Crude Fibre (1.00 -12.50%), Ether Extract (1.07-5.47 %), Crude Protein (7.13 -18.94 %) and ). This indicates that season, habitat and leaf age are important factors affecting plant growth and development. The results suggest that the species may be sources of the nutrients studied and could enrich the dietary intake of individuals.

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