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This study will add to the body of knowledge by creating a conceptual framework around fundamental concepts related to examining the factors that influence the efficiency of online teaching. The framework is based on an assessment of the online teaching literature found using Emerald, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Explore, ProQuest, and Google Scholar searches. A conceptual matrix is used to combine the findings into a framework of online instruction and effectiveness. A questionnaire was utilized and 81 respondents participated in the survey. We found that Google Meet is the most used platform for online teaching. In terms of stress level, teachers between the ages of 36 and 50 are the most stressed. As per time spent on online teaching, most teachers spent 3-5 hours a day and we also found that the more hours spent on online teaching, the more benefit the teachers and students will get. The study's findings can help the school and Malaysia's Ministry of Education understand the factors that affect how well teachers can conduct online teaching.

Probiotics are widely used as an adjuvant therapy in various diseases. Nonetheless, it is uncertain how they affect the gut microbiota composition and metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in women who have recently experienced gestational diabetes mellitus (post-GDM). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 132 asymptomatic post-GDM women was conducted to close this gap (Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05273073). The intervention (probiotics) group received a cocktail of six probiotic strains from Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus for 12 weeks, while the placebo group received an identical sachet devoid of living microorganisms. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical analyses, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. After the 12-week intervention, the probiotics group’s fasting blood glucose level significantly decreased (mean difference −0.20 mmol/L; p = 0.0021). The HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). Sequencing data also demonstrated a large rise in the Bifidobacterium adolescentis following probiotic supplementation. Our findings suggest that multi-strain probiotics are beneficial for improved metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in post-GDM women by modulating gut dysbiosis. This study emphasizes the necessity for a comprehensive strategy for postpartum treatment that includes probiotics to protect post-GDM women from developing glucose intolerance.

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