Introduction: Cancer cervix is a common genital cancer. Human papillomavirus is the main cause of cervical cancer because of the strong association of certain HPV genotypes and the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN 2 or CIN3. Methods: The study was conducted on 180 gynecological patients seen at the outpatient department of Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. A comparative study of HPV DNA test with Pap smear in the screening of cervical neoplasia was carried out over the period of 24 months from August 2011 to June 2013. Results: The incidence of cervical cancer and its associated mortality has declined in recent years, largely due to the widespread implementation of screening programs by Pap smear testing. The management and the prevention of cervical cancer should change with HPV DNA testing for high risk HPV, which is more sensitive than pap smear testing. Infection of cervix with HPV is necessary to cause cervical neoplasia and cervical cancer. Persistent infection with HPV is required for the development of cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer. Conclusions: HPV testing alone for primary screening appears promising in women aged 30 years and older as this group is at greatest risk of developing CIN 3. As compared with Pap testing, HPV testing has greater sensitivity for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Introduction: Pelvic Organ Prolapse is a common problem in Nepal. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of pelvic organ prolapse and risk factors associated with it. Methods: This hospital based retrospective descriptive study was conducted in gynecological Out Patient Department of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan from October 2011 and September 2013.The data were retrieved from the records and analyzed. Women who were earlier subjected for surgical correction of prolapses Cases with pregnancy were excluded from study. Results: There were total 375 cases of genital prolapse out of total 2075 cases of total gynecological admission i.e. 18% incidence. The mean age of patients was 56.79 years with the mean parity of 5.67. 72% cases developed prolapse during their post-menopausal years. Majority of them (84%) lived in hilly area and (57.3%) cases were involved with heavy occupational activities. 50.7% of genital prolapse were from the lower socioeconomic status. Proplase was seen with patients with higher BMI (26-30). Risk factors identified were unsupervised home delivery, rapid succession of pregnancies, and no rest after delivery. Most common clinical presentation of Pelvis Organ Prolapse was mass per vagina (60%). Conclusions: Prolapse is common among rural, farmers, multiparous and post-menopausal women where most of them delivered at home with prolonged labor. Age, low socioeconomic status and heavy manual activities were associated with the prolapse.

Introductions: Stillbirth (SB) is one of the most common adverse outcomes of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the SB rate and to identify the likely causes contributing to SB. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Patan Hospital from 15th June 2014 to 14th June 2017 for all the cases of SBs, at or after 22 weeks, birth weight of 500 gm or more. The perinatal outcome, demographic profile, fetal characteristics, causes and contributing factors were analyzed. Results: There were 262 SB out of total 23069 deliveries, (11.24 per 1000) and 119 (46.12%) had antenatal check-up (ANC) at Patan Hospital. The 214 (82.95%) SB were among 20-34 years mothers, 133 (51.55%) being multigravida. Antepartum SB were 234 (89.31%), macerated 213 (81.30%), birth weight <1000gm 86 (32.82%) and male 156 (59.54%). The intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was present in 60 (22.90%), unexplained casue in 43 (16.41%), prematurity 28 (10.69%), congenital anomalies 26 (9.92%), pre-eclampsia 19 (7.25%), gestational diabetes, and abruptio placenta each 13 (4.96%). Delay in seeking care in 202 (78.30%) was a potential contributing factor. Conclusions: The SB was 11.24/1000 births. The causes in descending order were IUGR, unexplained, prematurity, congenital anomalies, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and abruptio placenta. Delay in seeking care was found as a potential contributing factor.