ResumoO presente artigo é fruto de tese cujo objetivo geral foi propor um modelo de diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre as diretivas antecipadas nas Américas e na Europa, especialmente nos Estados Unidos da América e na Espanha, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com médicos oncologistas, intensivistas e geriatras de Belo Horizonte-MG. Percebeu-se que o modelo brasileiro deve se distanciar dos padrões de formulários utilizados em muitos estados norte-americanos e províncias espanholas, visando deixar espaço para a subjetividade de cada paciente. Conclui-se, assim, que o modelo proposto tem o condão de auxiliar o cidadão que deseja fazer sua diretiva antecipada, bem como os médicos que desejam apresentar essa possibilidade para seus pacientes, mas deve ser sempre utilizado como guia e não como um modelo fechado às peculiaridades de cada situação concreta. Palavras-chave: Direito a morrer. Diretivas antecipadas de vontade. Autonomia pessoal. Resumen Directivas anticipadas: un modelo brasileñoEste artículo es el resultado de la tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo general fue proponer un modelo de directivas anticipadas de voluntad para Brasil. Por lo tanto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las directivas anticipadas en las Américas y en Europa, especialmente en Estados Unidos y España, y las entrevistas semiestructuradas con los médicos oncólogos, intensivistas y geriatras de Belo Horizonte-MG. Se ha percibido que un modelo brasileño debe alejarse de los modelos de formularios utilizados en muchos estados norteamericanos y provincias de España, con el fin de dejar espacio para la subjetividad de cada paciente. Se concluye, por tanto, que el modelo propuesto tiene la capacidad de ayudar a los ciudadanos que desean hacer su directiva anticipada, así como los médicos que desean ofrecer esta opción a sus pacientes, pero siempre debe ser utilizado como una guía y no como un modelo cerrado a las peculiaridades de cada situación concreta. Palabras-clave: Derecho a morir. Directivas anticipadas. Autonomía personal. Abstract Advanced directive: a brasilian modelThis article is the result of the doctoral thesis, whose general objective was to propose a model of advance directives to Brazil. Therefore, we carried out a literature review on advance directives in America and Europe, especially in the United States and Spain, and semi-structured interviews with medical oncologists, intensivists and geriatricians in Belo Horizonte-MG. It was realized that a Brazilian model should distance themselves from form models used in many American states and provinces in Spain, in order to leave room for the subjectivity of each patient. We conclude, therefore, that the proposed model has the ability to assist citizens who want to advance their policy, as well as doctors who wish to provide this option for their patients, but it should always be used as a guide and not as a closed model to the peculiarities of each situation.

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In this manuscript, we point out that the federal government headed by President Bolsonaro has pursued a political agenda that contributed to the spread of COVID-19, transforming the country into a major repository for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, thus representing a risk for worldwide containment efforts. Furthermore his actions are also weakening democratic institutions, which could counter his political agenda, effectively facilitating the spread of COVID-19. Thus, the perpetuation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is due to human behaviour factors, especially high-level public decision makers.

Introduction Since 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that all people living with HIV (PLHIV) initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART), irrespective of CD4+ count or clinical stage. National adoption of universal treatment has accelerated since WHO's 2015 “Treat All” recommendation; however, little is known about the translation of this guidance into practice. This study aimed to assess the status of Treat All implementation across regions, countries, and levels of the health care delivery system. Methods Between June and December 2017, 201/221 (91%) adult HIV treatment sites that participate in the global IeDEA research consortium completed a survey on capacity and practices related to HIV care. Located in 41 countries across seven geographic regions, sites provided information on the status and timing of site‐level introduction of Treat All, as well as site‐level practices related to ART initiation. Results Almost all sites (93%) reported that they had begun implementing Treat All, and there were no statistically significant differences in site‐level Treat All introduction by health facility type, urban/rural location, sector (public/private) or country income level. The median time between national policy adoption and site‐level introduction was one month. In countries where Treat All was not yet adopted in national guidelines, 69% of sites reported initiating all patients on ART, regardless of clinical criteria, and these sites had been implementing Treat All for a median period of seven months at the time of the survey. The majority of sites (77%) reported typically initiating patients on ART within 14 days of confirming diagnosis, with 60% to 62% of sites implementing Treat All in East, Southern and West Africa reporting same‐day ART initiation for most patients. Conclusions By mid‐ to late‐2017, the Treat All strategy was the standard of care at almost all IeDEA sites, including rural, primary‐level health facilities in low‐resource settings. While further assessments of site‐level capacity to provide high‐quality HIV care under Treat All and to support sustained viral suppression after ART initiation are needed, the widespread introduction of Treat All at the service delivery level is a critical step towards global targets for ending the HIV epidemic as a public health threat.

The molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in the southernmost Brazil is currently steady with predominance of HIV-1C. This is the first study showing a robust association of the infection by this subtype and heterosexual transmission in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.