Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major health problem for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and is associated with poorer glycemic control. Early detection is critical to proper management. In this study, we planned to assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of various OSA screening tools in patients with DM2. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we consecutively recruited 58 patients with DM2, presenting to the endocrinology department of Services Hospital Lahore between February 2020 to March 2021. Along with demographic and anthropometric measurements, including BMI and neck circumference, participants answered the snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, high blood pressure - BMI, age, neck circumference, and gender (STOP-BANG) questionnaire, Berlin questionnaire, and Epworth sleepiness scale. All participants then underwent an overnight, level 3 polysomnography. Results The overall prevalence of OSA, diagnosed by overnight polysomnography, was 65.5% in type 2 diabeticDM2 patients. The STOP-BANG questionnaire had the highest sensitivity for mild, moderate, and severe OSA i.e., 84.2%, 90.3%, and 100% respectively. Berlin questionnaire also had 100% sensitivity for severe OSA and was most specific for mild and moderate OSA (70% and 63% respectively) whereas the Epworth sleepiness scale had the highest specificity of 53.3% for severe OSA. Conclusion This study shows that OSA is highly prevalent in DM2 patients in Pakistan. The STOP-BANG and Berlin questionnaire proved to be effective screening tools, especially for severe OSA. Results of our study should encourage the routine use of these questionnaires in clinical practice, to help in the early identification of OSA in diabetics.

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Background: Unexpectedly and unfortunately the end of the year 2019 has proved to be the start of a deadliest era of Coronavirus disease 19. Spread of this lethal disease has remained uninhibited so far. How rapidly it has wrapped up the whole world is dangerously alarming. Aim: To determine frequency of Covid outcome in Covid patients with preexisting different co-morbid conditions. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021 in two tertiary care hospital i.e. Services hospital, Lahore (Punjab) and hospital, Quetta (Baluchistan). After ethical approval and informed consent from the patients, data from PCR positive patients was recorded. The demographic parameters, travel or exposure history, duration of stay in the hospital and co morbidities including diabetes, hypertension, stroke and ischemic heart diseases of the patients were collected. Results: In our study, total 124 patients including 84(67.7%) male and 40(32.3%) female. The mean ages was 41.29±20.21 years, mean weight and height 83.46±15.1, 174.2±8.31. 82%patients were discharged, and 42%patients suffered death. Among the patients included in this study, 51(%) patients presented with diabetes, 55(%) patients presented with hypertension, 52% had ischemic heart diseases and 1.6% had stroke. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, there is a significant impact of pre-existing co-morbidities on Covid outcomes. Thus, it can be inferred that by modifying the comorbidities, positive outcome can be observed Keywords: COVID-19, Risk factors, Outcome, Mortality