Introduction: Management of non-traumatic perforation of the small intestine has always been a consideration for surgeons because of associated enormous morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of data on the management of non-traumatic perforation of the small intestine. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted which involved analysis of 192 patients treated for non-traumatic perforation of small intestine in a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. The clinical profile and management of the patients were studied. Results: The most common cause of non-traumatic perforation of small intestine was typhoid (46.4%), followed by non-specific inflammation (39.2%), tuberculosis (12.8%) and malignant neoplasm (1.6%). Primary repair was the most frequent procedure (44.0%), followed by ileostomy (25.5%) and resection-anastomosis (19.3%). Superficial wound infection was the most frequent postoperative complication (46.8%), followed by wound dehiscence (31.3%). The wound infection rate was reduced significantly following delayed primary closure of skin incision. Enterocutaneous fistula/leak developed in 11.5% patients. Salvage ileostomy for post-operative intestinal leak resulted in a better survival rate as compared to conservative treatment (85.7% vs. 50.0%). The overall mortality rate was 16.6%.   Conclusion: Operative procedures undertaken for the management of non-traumatic perforation of small intestine can be classified into two groups: procedures that leave an intestinal suture line inside the peritoneal cavity and procedures that do not. The no suture line-in procedure seems to be better option in adverse patient conditions.

Video compression ratio, quality and efficiency are determined by the motion estimation algorithm. Motion estimation is used to perform inter frame prediction in video sequences. The individual frames are divided into blocks the motion estimation is computed by a video codec such as H.264. A video codec computes the displacement of block between the previous frame (reference frame) and the current frame, for each block in current frame the best motion vector is determined in the reference frame as a block belongs to a current frame. In this, research paper, a novel technique has been presented for motion vector calculation, using fuzzy Gaussian membership function. The motion estimation block uses fuzzy membership function to estimate the connectedness of different blocks of the current frame to that of the reference frame The fuzzy decision matching is done based on the matching criterion and the best matching block is selected. The motion vectors are thus calculated with respect to the reference frame. The fuzzification process produces optimally matched blocks, which are then utilized to calculate the motion vectors of the predicted frame. Using fuzzy based search the search area is automatically updated and adaptive search steps provides an optimized result of search. As in real time streaming no file is exchanged during the transmission user is not able to download the file the only way for smooth transmission is frame management fuzzy based search for the motion estimation provides a better compression for the predicted frames.

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