The study concluded that activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly higher in malignant tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. Further, activation ratio of MMP-2 was significantly elevated in patients with lymph node metastasis as compared to patients without lymph node metastasis, which could predict risk of lymph node metastasis development in node negative patients.

Many plant products are known to exert antioxidative effects by quenching various free radicals and singlet molecular oxygen. Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) is used extensively in the Indian traditional system of medicine as a hepatoprotective and hepatostimulative agent and has been reported to have antioxidant effects against different hepatotoxins. The present study aims to analyze antioxidant properties of an active component, andrographolide (ANDLE), extracted from A paniculata. This study investigates the effect of andrographolide on the hepatocellular antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation of control mice, mice treated with hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) only, and andrographolide + + BHC. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), γ γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ γ-GTP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are studied by spectrophotometric methods. The BHC experimental model forms an irreversible liver tumor in male mice. The activities of GSH, GR, GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT show significant (P ≤ ≤ .05) increases, while γ γ-GTP and GST show significant decreases (P ≤ ≤ .05) in andrographolidesupplemented mice as compared with BHC-treated mice. This study indicates that the antioxidant effect of andrographolide could be due to its ability to activate antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reaction of oxidants and are effective in severe liver damage.

Tobacco is the major etiological factor for oral cancer development through the generation of oxidative stress. Therefore, markers of oxidative stress such as total antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and total thiol levels might be useful to monitor oxidative stress and predict overall survival in oral cancer patients. The study included 140 oral cancer patients and 50 healthy controls, who were classified as with the habit of tobacco and no habit of tobacco. Adjacent normal and malignant tissue samples were collected from oral cancer patients. Plasma and tissue levels of lipid peroxidation, thiol, and total antioxidant status were assayed by spectrophotometric methods. Thiol levels were significantly lower in controls with the habit of tobacco (P= .033), oral cancer patients (P= .0001), and malignant tissues (P= .015) as compared to controls with no habit of tobacco, controls with the habit of tobacco, and adjacent normal tissues, respectively. Tobacco exposure was higher in oral cancer patients than controls with the habit of tobacco. Controls with the habit of tobacco who had lower thiol (odds ratio [OR]=10.58, P= .008) and high tobacco exposure (OR=0.251, P= .05) showed an elevated risk of oral cancer development. Patients showing a lipid peroxidation level above the cutoff level as compared to patients below the cutoff level showed poor overall survival, whereas those with thiol and total antioxidant status levels below the cutoff level as compared to their respective counterparts showed poor overall survival. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation and thiol could be useful for predicting the risk of oral carcinogenesis in healthy tobacco consumers and predicting overall survival of oral cancer patients.

Aim and Objective: Tobacco is a major etiological factor for oral cancer development, accounting 30–40% of all cancer cases in India. Tobacco consumption generates free radicals and causes oxidative damages. In order to counteract these lethal effects, normal living cells have multiple antioxidant defense systems in a cascade manner. Thus, it seems that studying biological parameters, like antioxidant enzyme system, may be helpful in risk assessment and early diagnosis of oral cancer. Therefore, we analyzed erythrocytic and tissue antioxidant enzyme activities in terms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and plasma thiol levels. Materials and Methods: Study included healthy controls with no habit of tobacco (NHT, n = 25), controls with habit of tobacco (WHT, n = 31) and oral cancer patients (n = 52). All the parameters were analyzed with highly sensitive and specific spectrophotometric methods. Results: Erythrocytic SOD and plasma thiol levels were significantly lower (p = 0.03), while GPx and CAT levels were higher (p = 0.017) in WHT as compared to NHT. No significant changes in GST and GR levels were observed between NHT and WHT. GST, GR, SOD and CAT activities were significantly higher (p = 0.05, p < 0.001, p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively) while GPx and thiol levels were lower (p = 0.035 and p < 0.001, respectively) in oral cancer as compared to WHT. Odds ratio for erythrocytic GR, SOD, CAT and plasma thiol showed significantly higher risk of oral cancer development in WHT. Mean levels of SOD and CAT were increased, while GPx and thiol were decreased with the increase in habit duration in oral cancer. GST, GR and SOD activities were significantly higher (p = 0.0001, p = 0.005 and p = 0.005, respectively), while, CAT and thiol levels were lower (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.015, respectively) in malignant tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. Conclusion: The data revealed that evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities and thiol levels in WHT can be helpful to identify individuals at a higher risk of oral cancer development

The study showed risk of oral cancer development in habitual controls with lower antioxidant enzymes, lower oxidative stress markers, and higher lifetime tobacco exposure. Individuals with GSTM1 null genotype may be at higher risk of oral cancer development.