Während insbesondere in der anglo-amerikaÝ nischen Literaturtheorie poststrukturalistische Theoriefiguren eine zentrale Rolle übernommen haben, zeigt sich die soziologische Theorie erstaunlich resistent ihnen gegenüber. Dies verwundert nicht, wenn man bedenkt, dass die Soziologie ein Projekt der Moderne ist und auf deren Leitunterscheidungen beruht. Der Band zeigt, dass sich die vielfältigen ›PoststrukturalisÝ men‹ für eine Dekonstruktion soziologischer Unterscheidungen eignen und so neue theoretiÝ sche Interventionen ermöglichen: z.B. Diskurs als soziologischer Grundbegriff, die Dezentrierung des Subjekts und die Rolle von Rhetorik für die Konstitution des Sozialen. Der vorliegende Text ist nicht als Einführung in die unterÝ schiedlichen ›PostrukturalisÝ men‹ angelegt, sondern konzenÝ triert sich auf die sozialtheoreÝ tische Weiterführung poststrukÝ turalistischer Figuren.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the crowd emerged as a new political and academic subject in Europe. The invention of this concept was a response to the restructuring of modern society, which was marked by the "social question," urbanization, and the introduction of universal suffrage. Longestablished identities, based on traditional hierarchies, were questioned; still, a new democratic subject had yet to emerge. The notion of the crowd was a substitute: it attempted to describe new forms of social assemblages-forms that could be reduced neither to class, nor to ethnic identity, nor to older forms such as guilds. Anyone could become a member of the crowd; typically, crowd descriptions emphasize its heterogeneous composition. In this sense, the crowd represents a universal mode of inclusion, which was announced with universal suffrage, and came to represent a repulsive democratic subject. It was therefore not a far step for crowd theorists to denounce crowds and democracy simultaneously because of the threat they posed to the social fabric.The crowd, however, was not only a surrogate for a new, not yet fully fledged democratic subject, and the concept of the crowd was not only a reactionary right-wing polemic against the working class; crowd psychology also became a conceptual laboratory for deliberating social processes no longer rooted in traditional relations of power. While its sister discipline, sociology, was interested in determining what is social about the social, crowd
Der Begriff des Kollektivs ist, obgleich im Zentrum der Sozialwissenschaften, meist nur im Rahmen einer für abweichendes Verhalten zuständigen Spezialsoziologie als »kollektives Verhalten« konzipiert worden. Der Aufsatz schlägt eine Re-Lektüre dieser Soziologie (insbesondere von Herbert Blumer) vor, um das Zustandekommen von Kollektivität zu denken. Mit Hilfe einer Lektüre von Walt Whitman, der als lyrische und journalistische Inspirationsquelle für die frühe amerikanische Soziologie wichtig war, wird ein Konzept der materialen und medialen Infrastrukturen (insbesondere von Transportmedien wie der Fähre) gewonnen, das gerade auch für die heutige Verschränkung von Kollektivität und Infrastruktur aussagekräftig ist. </br></br>Although it is central to the social sciences, the notion of the collective has been elaborated primarily in fields of study which are concerned with deviant behavior, and then only in the sense of »collective behavior.« In order to consider the emergence of collectivity, the present paper suggests a re-reading of this sociology (especially of Herbert Blumer). By means of a reading of Walt Whitman, who was important as a lyrical and journalistic source of inspiration to early American sociology, a concept of material and medial infrastructures (particularly transport media such as the ferry) is obtained, which is also significant for the current theoretical interweaving of collectivity and infrastructure.
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