Measurements of biomechanical properties of arteries have become an important surrogate outcome used in epidemiological and interventional cardiovascular research. Structural and functional differences of vessels in the arterial tree result in a dampening of pulsatility and smoothing of blood flow as it progresses to capillary level. A loss of arterial elastic properties results a range of linked pathophysiological changes within the circulation including increased pulse pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, subendocardial ischaemia, vessel endothelial dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. With increased arterial stiffness, the microvasculature of brain and kidneys are exposed to wider pressure fluctuations and may lead to increased risk of stroke and renal failure. Stiffening of the aorta, as measured by the gold-standard technique of aortic Pulse Wave Velocity (aPWV), is independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes across many different patient groups and in the general population. Therefore, use of aPWV has been proposed for early detection of vascular damage and individual cardiovascular risk evaluation and it seems certain that measurement of arterial stiffness will become increasingly important in future clinical care. In this review we will consider some of the pathophysiological processes that result from arterial stiffening, how it is measured and factors that may drive it as well as potential avenues for therapy. In the face of an ageing population where mortality from atheromatous cardiovascular disease is falling, pathology associated with arterial stiffening will assume ever greater importance. Therefore, understanding these concepts for all clinicians involved in care of patients with cardiovascular disease will become vital.

Placement is an important component of third level hospitality management programmes and is one of the most vital experiences on which graduates base their career aspirations. The effect of changing demographics on the workforce is likely to have an impact on the way hospitality employers recruit and retain managers. At present, however, significant numbers of graduates are turning their backs on the industry. The onus is on educators and industry to ensure that the placement experience is as rewarding as possible. Presents a developing model of good practice based on the tripartite relationship between the University of Ulster, the student and Ryan Hotels. Demonstrates the need for colleges to build up successful relationships with individual companies and calls on colleges to invest the necessary resources in the placement function. Companies must develop a professional attitude towards placement and students should be positive and forthright in their attitude to the whole process.

In the past ten years there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of small firms. This growth has taken place within the hospitality industry as well as within other elements of the service sector. Examines some of the factors which have prompted growth of the small firm as well as some of the personal characteristics of the individuals who run these small firms. Draws on research into small firms undertaken throughout Northern Ireland and takes an in‐depth look at one successful small firm, Manor House Catering Services.

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