No abstract

Smectite has been modified using hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide in an amount of double cationic exchange capacity. This alteration makes it possible to use organo-smectite as a sorbent to remove anionic forms. The experiment consisted of the interchangeable sorption of phosphate(V) and lead(II) by organo-smectite. Research was carried out with varying pH (2-5) and various concentrations (0.1-5 mmol/L). Organo-smectite with previously adsorbed lead ions removed more phosphate than the untreated organo-smectite. Experimental data show that lead is more likely to absorb on the organo-smectite than on the organo-smectite with previously adsorbed phosphate ions. It follows that the most effective use of the organo-smectite is through the sorption of first - Pb cations and then PO4 anions. With an increasing concentration of Pb(II) or P(V), the sorption efficiency increases. The maximum sorption efficiency of lead and phosphate ions is observed at pH 5. This enables the removal of harmful lead and phosphorus compounds from waste water and immobilizes them on the sorbent's surface. The alternating reactions of lead and phosphorus ions result in the crystallization of brompyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Br.

No abstract

One of the minor studied stress factors in cattle breeding is noise. Noise is any unwanted chronic or intermittent sound and the amount and type of noise sources are related to the cattle production system. The aim of the review was to highlight the literature regarding noise as a robust environmental stressor and the following impact on the behavioural, physiological and performance reactions of cattle. In addition, was showed how often this problem is discussed in the scientific literature. Review was conducted with a search strategy of peer-reviewed articles written in English before June 2022. The systematic searches were performed using the Web of Science and Scopus databases with the integration of Boolean operators to string together words or phrases. It is recommended to create an environment around cows in which the acoustic stimuli affecting the animals are under their control. Therefore, if the sound source cannot be eliminated, animals should be able to choose places with a lower sound intensity appropriate for the perceptual abilities of cattle. On the other hand, attention is paid to the positive aspects of some groups of sound signals i.e. positive nature of music for cows and people during milking. The scientific publications analysed by the methodology drew attention to the repeatability of the discussed results. Further research on this subject should be considered because developing farms use modern solutions in barns which can negatively affect the acoustic comfort of cows, and their impact has yet to be determined.

CC-BY 4.0 License requiring that the original work has been properly cited.Pyromorphite Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl and vanadinite Pb 5 (VO 4 ) 3 Cl belong to the apatite supergroup. They are secondary minerals formed in the oxidation zones of lead ore deposits. Both crystallize in hexagonal symmetry with the space group P6 3 /m (Dong et al. 2002). The crystal structure of these two minerals allows to accommodate both metal cations and anionic complexes. It is the reason, why pyromorphite and vanadinite forms solid solution series. Isovalent replacement of P with V is one of the most common anionic substitution.Lead apatites are one of the least soluble along apatites group minerals and characterized by high thermal stability (Dong et al. 2002, Flis et al. 2011. Characteristic properties of apatite structure cause that these minerals are successfully used in many fields, especially for the immobilization of toxic waste and lead-contaminated soil (Ma et al. 1993, Chen et al. 1997, Dong et al. 2002, Kim et al. 2005. So far, pyromorphite and mimetite are the most known and used for the immobilization of lead. Pyromorphite and mimetite are isostructural with vanadinite, therefore it has been predicted that this mineral is also important for the environment. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to characterize of the pyromorphite-vanadinite solid solution series. This research presents systematic changes in the structure of these minerals.Pure pyromorphite and vanadinite and minerals with intermediate compositions Pb 5 (TO 4 ) 3 Cl, where T = P + V, of various P/V ratios were synthesized from aqueous solutions at 298 K and pH = 3.5. Synthetic solids were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy.Based on the X-Ray analysis, it was found that synthetic precipitates represent homogeneous phases of pyromorphite and vanadinite, which have intermediate chemical composition. Diffraction peaks of pyromorphite-vanadinite solid solution series were shifted due to replacement of PO 4 by VO 4 . Replacement of PO 4 by VO 4 anions is causing changes in the structure of apatite and hence these shifts. Unit cell parameters of studied solid solutions show a linear variation.In the FTIR and Raman spectra of pyromorphite-vanadinite solid solutions series, the bands which are characteristic for vibrations of P-O bonds of the PO 4 tetrahedra as well as vibrations of V-O bonds of the VO 4 tetrahedra appeared. Analysis of Mid-IR spectra and Raman spectra also allowed observing correlation between the band positions and the extent of the anionic substitution among the studied series.The structure of pyromorphite and vanadinite is generally similar, although the two minerals vary in chemical composition. This variability results probably from the properties of individual ions.