The present study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats.Ultrasonographic scanning with real time B-mode ultrasound machine having 5 MHz linear array transducer was performed on gravid uterus (n=24) obtained from slaughterhouse (Group I). Crown rump length (CRL) measured by ultrasound was found significantly different (p<0.05) with actual CRL measured after dissection in early pregnancy. However, age predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of CRL was found highly correlated (r=0.92) with age measured after dissection through CRL and the weight of fetus. Ages predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of trunk diameter (TD) and uterine diameter (UD) and ages measured after dissection were found highly and equally correlated (r=0.98) and did not differ significantly. Data from six does synchronized (Group II) with PGF2α (Estrumate) at 11 days apart were collected through ultrasound from 17 to 42 days post breding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age was high (r=0.97) in day 30 to 42 post breeding. A high coefficient of correlation (r=0.98) was also observed between predicated age by ultrasound and actual age calculated after kidding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age by the formula Y=(a+bX) i.e. Y=24.42+0.39 X where Y=gestational age and X=CRL, was recorded very high (r=0.99). Accuracy of ultrasonography was lowest on day 17 to 19 (66%) and reached 100% on day 34. Data from 30 does (group III) randomly subjected to only one time ultrasounds scanning to assess the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis were also obtained. Ages predicted by TD and UD measurements were observed to be non-significantly different with actual age obtained after kidding and correlation between ages predicted by TD and UD measurement with actual age after kidding was found equally and highly correlated (r=0.98). The operator's accuracy in the whole experiment including all three groups was found to be 92%. The sensitivity was 93% and specificity was 86%. From the present study, it was observed that CRL was the most reliable parameter to find out gestational age in early pregnancy and the new formula derived was found very accurate to find out gestational age. TD and UD were also found to be equally reliable parameter to find out gestational age in mid and late stage of pregnancy through ultrasonography. It was concluded that ultrasonography by real time B mode with 5 MHz transrectal transducer was found to be reliable, safe and accurate and practicable means in diagnosing early pregnancy diagnosis as early as 25 days post breeding.

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BACKGROUND Stents and catheters are widely used in Urology. In this study, we identified the incidence of DJ stent bacterial colonisation and its correlation with bacteriuria frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODSBetween January 2015 and June 2016, 170 patients (17 to 72 years old) who underwent DJ stenting were enrolled in the study. Surgeries prior to stenting included PCNL, URS, Pyeloplasty, Pyelolithotomy and Ureterolithotomy. Prior to stenting, sterile urine samples were obtained, and urinary cultures were performed upon removal of the DJ stents along with stent culture. Eighty-three stents were inserted into the right ureter and eighty-seven into the left ureter of the patients. RESULTSCultures showed bacterial colonisation in 27 (16%) cases. There was no significant association between positive stent culture and patient age, sex or stent laterality. The rate of colonisation was 2.2%, 2.9%, and 25% when indwelling time was less than 4 weeks, 4-6 weeks, and more than 6 weeks, respectively. In the present study, the rate of infection associated with a DJ stent and urinary infection was not very high. However, bacterial colonisation increases significantly with indwelling time of the stent and sterile culture of urine does not rule out colonisation of the stent. CONCLUSIONBacteriological investigation showed very low rates of colonisation within 6 weeks after the insertion of stents, indicating that ureteral stents can be used safely within that time period. Bacterial colonisation is associated with increased chances of bacteriuria frequency. KEYWORDS BACKGROUNDAs the field of Endourology has developed, a great variety of foreign bodies have been designed, and with the increasing number of biomaterial devices used in Urology, biofilm formation and device infection are issues of growing importance. [1] In the present study, the frequency of colonisation on double J (DJ) stents and stent-associated bacteriuria was investigated. We aimed to compare the relationship between the colonisation of the bladder urine and that on the DJ stents that have been inserted for various reasons. We investigated the importance of indwelling time for infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates in order to establish data on the aetiologic agents of Colonised stents and evaluate the significance of urinary cultures for the identification of colonising microorganisms.

Pyogenic granuloma is a rapidly growing hyperplastic, vascular proliferation of the skin or mucous membrane. A benign lesion of unknown aetiology commonly associated with pregnancy, oral contraceptives and trauma. While lesions occur frequently in oral cavity, occurrence in the nasal septum is rarely reported. We report a case of 38-year-old male (known case of active pulmonary tuberculosis on anti-tubercular therapy) who presented with unilateral pyogenic granuloma of the anterior nasal septum with unilateral nasal obstruction. We emphasize that the rarely seen lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma) must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of a rapidly growing mass of the nasal cavity, even without history of epistaxis. Here we report an uncommon case and review current literature regarding aetiology, site and role of rifampicin in pyogenic granuloma.

Introduction: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common problem among women in developing countries. It is the herniation of uterus into or beyond the vagina often accompanied by prolapse of vaginal walls involving the bladder or rectum or both. This study was done to determine its prevalence and identify the risk factors so that advice could be given to prevent its occurance and also to find out the current management practices in uterine prolapse. Material and methods: During the study period (2014-2018) a total of 224 cases of prolapse reported in Gynaecology OPD. Prevalence was calculated to be 1.05% of the total OPD registrations of our department. Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 49.5 years. The most common presenting complaint was something coming out per vaginum (73.1%). Majority had parity between 2 to 6. 84.5% had vaginal home delivery and 15.4% had hospital vaginal delivery. Most patients presented with third degree uterovaginal prolapse (58.7%). Vault prolapse constituted 11.3%. Associated cystocele was present in 35.7%, and rectocele in 14.2% of cases. The most common predisposing factor identified was unsupervised home delivery. Pessary application(n=25) and Kiegel's exercise advice (n=102) were done on OPD basis. Conclusion: Improvement in general health, proper contraception and institutional delivery is required to prevent prolapse.Treatment should be tailored according to age and requirement.