BackgroundExpanded program on immunization is one of the most successful and cost effective public health interventions that protect children against vaccine preventable diseases. The full childhood immunization coverage in many parts of Ethiopia is far from optimal. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess factors associated with childhood full immunization in Ethiopia.MethodsThe data source for this study was the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Multilevel regression analysis techniques were used to conduct the analysis. Accordingly a two level multilevel regression analysis model was built with individuals (level 1) nested with in communities (level 2).ResultsA total of 4983 children aged 12–59 months nested within 520 clusters were included in the analysis. According to the analysis results, in the year 2011, 26 % of children less than 5 years old were fully immunized in Ethiopia. Being born at health institutions, higher level of maternal education, media exposure, region of residence and residing in communities possessing higher maternal antenatal care services utilization were positively associated with childhood full immunization. In contrary to this, the number children aged less than 5 years in the household was negatively associated with childhood full immunization. The random effect results indicated that 21 % of the variation among the communities was due to community level factors.ConclusionsIt was found that various individual and contextual factors were associated with childhood full immunization. In addition, significant community level variation remains after having controlled individual and community level factors which is an indicative of a need for further research on community level factors. Hence, utilizing multilevel modeling in determining the effect of both individual and contextual level factors simultaneously had brought an important output which may help planners, policy and decision makers to emphasize on both individuals and communities in which they live.

Introduction: Adequate iodine fortified salt is the most common and effective method of preventing iodine deficiency. Studies showed households using iodized salt (15 Parts Per Million (PPM) to 80 PPM) of iodine at household level were low in Tigray region and other regions of Ethiopia. Limited studies have conducted on utilization of iodized salt at the household level and none of them did not addressed on factors affecting to proper iodized salt utilization. The aim of this study was to determine the iodine concentration in the collected salt samples, adequately iodized salt consumption coverage and identify factors affecting to proper iodized salt utilization amongst the households of Northern Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross-sectional designs on selected 318 household food caterers were interviewed and salt samples were accordingly collected. Data was analyzed by the SAS-9.2 statistical software package. The iodine concentrations of the salt samples were determined by using the golden standard iodometric titration technique. Logistic Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) statistical analysis method was used to assess factors affecting proper iodized salt utilization at household level. Results: Adequately iodized salt coverage among the households was only 51 (17.5%). About 42 (14.38%) had 15 ppm (ppm)-80 ppm, 9 (3.08%) had > 80 ppm, 188 (64.4%) had 1.1 ppm to 14.9 ppm and 53 (18.2%) had no iodine in the salt (0 ppm). Only 26 (8.9%) of the households had used iodized salt properly. Family size with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (0.82) and 95%CI [0.67, 0.92], residency of the household with AOR (2.83) and 95%CI [1.48, 5.40], the availability of iodized salt with AOR (3.90) and 95% CI [1.74, 8.7] and affordability to iodized salt with AOR (3.33) and 95% CI [1.41, 7.34] was strong predictors to proper iodized salt utilization. Conclusions: Coverage of adequately iodized salt was low. Family size, residency, availability and affordability of iodized salt were the predictors of proper iodized salt utilization. To enhance USI utilization effective inspection and regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the production and distribution of under/ over iodized salt in the market.

A study on impact of mining on nutritional status of women of reproductive age was carried out in two mining affected talukas namely, Hospet and Sandur of Ballari district. A total of 140 women were selected from mining and non mining area. Nutritional status of women was assessed using anthropometry, dietary, clinical and biochemical analysis. Majority of the women residing in mining were overweight (24.2%) and obese (18.5%), where 42.8 per cent of women residing in non mining were undernourished. The intake of food and nutrients were significantly higher in women residing in mining area compared to non mining area. Women residing in both mining and non mining area were categorized as mild anemic (10.06 g/dl), but prevalence was higher (55.7%) in women residing non mining area. Prevalence of clinical symptoms clinical symptoms such as pallor skin, lassitude, lack of interest, irritation, anorexia and glossitis were higher (81.4, 82.8, 90.0, 90.0, 45.7 and 82.8 per cent respectively) in women residing in non mining area compared to mining area (58.5, 58.5, 585, 57.5 and 52.8 per cent respectively).

Female hyperandrogenism is a frequent motive of consultation. It is revealed by hirsutism, acne or seborrhea, and disorders in menstruation cycle combined or not with virilisation signs. Several etiologies are incriminated but the hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome is rare. A 21-year female, having had a threeyear-old secondary amenorrhea, known case of hypothyroidism since 4 years on medication. The exam revealed a patient, hypertensive with blood pressure at 170/110 mmHg with a Body Mass Index (BMI) at 40.08 (Obese Class-3, as per WHO 2004) and a waist measurement of 106cm, a severe hirsutism assessed to be 27 according to Ferriman and Gallwey scale, acanthosis nigricans behind the neck and elbows. The assessment carried out revealed testosteronemia at 1.07 ng/mL, which is more than twice the upper normal of the laboratory. Imaging studies revealed enlarged right adrenal gland, hepatomegaly with fatty infiltration of grade-1 also bilateral polycystic ovaries. The retained diagnosis is HAIR-AN syndrome with polycystic ovaries, hypertension, type-II diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism since last 4-years and dyslipidemia and was provided with metformin 500 mg thrice daily, spironolactone 25 mg twice daily, atorvastatin 20 mg once daily, telmisartan 20 mg once daily with continuation of eltroxin 50 Mcg for hypothyroidism. To our knowledge this is the first case report of HAIR-AN syndrome in 21 year old female associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and type-2-diabetes and this case also highlights about early diagnosis and management of HAIR-AN Syndrome with PCOS and Hashimoto's thyroiditis which could help prevent long-term sequalae such as cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer and with the advent of knowledge and availability of health resources we can prevent long-term adverse effects (threefold) on health of women. This woman should be observed for these ailments in later life.