Introduction HIV related deaths still continue to occur in large numbers in spite of good quality drugs being freely available in India. This study was therefore done to assess the prognostic factors of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This would help in planning strategies for further improving their survival. Materials and Methods Record based data from baseline and follow-up visits of a cohort of patients aged above 14 years on ART was retrospectively reviewed over a seven-year period. The Kaplan-Meier models were used to estimate life time survival probability, and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine independent prognostic factors of death, among patients, after initiation of ART. Results Mean age of the total 285 patients enrolled in this study was 45.8±9.7 years. Mean duration of treatment on ART was 1127±611.8 days. During the follow-up period, 44/285(15.4%) patients died, resulting in incidence density of death rate as 3.12 per 100 person years. Good adherence with treatment was reported by 267(93.7%) patients. Nearly half of the deaths, i.e., 21(47.7%), occurred within three months of them starting ART. The mean survival time after initiation of ART was 2084.0±55.3 days (95% CI is 1975.5-2192.5). The presence of opportunistic infections (OIs) and tuberculosis before and poor/average adherence to ART and alcohol usage after starting ART were independent prognostic factors of mortality among patients. Conclusion Several prognostic factors influencing mortality among adult HIV patients receiving treatment were identified in this study. Screening efforts is essential in early detection and management of OIs among PLHIV. Good counselling and monitoring is recommended to improve adherence and also to prevent alcohol usage after initiation of ART. Such measures would help in further reducing mortality among HIV patients in the settings.

The primary aim of this study addresses a key question relating to the identification of the determinants of behavioral problems among primary school children. The secondary aim was to suggest remedial measures among teachers on how to deal with behavioral problems among students. An assessment of students studying from Class 2 to 5 was taken by the teachers using the Rutter Children Behavior Questionnaire to identify the ones with behavioral problems. Determinants of behavioral problems were identified using a self-administered questionnaire filled by the mothers of these children. Finally discussion on various findings of this study were done among the primary school teachers through a focus group discussion. Suggestions on how to deal with these problems were given to the teachers. Out of the 750 students who took part in this study, 65(8.7%) were identified by their teachers to have behavioral problems. Children whose biological parents were not currently married, those reported to have undergone physical harm routinely as a disciplinary measure, those with maternal history of inadequate diet during the related antenatal period and those belonging to nuclear families had behavioral problems in multivariable analysis. Adequate nutritional care need to be taken during early developmental years and correct disciplinary methods need to be advised to prevent behavioral problems among children.