Objective: To evaluate the effects of bullying on the mental effect of adolescents. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Sacred Heart Convent School and Ibn e Sina School in Lahore. The data was compiled and analyzed at CMH Lahore Medical College. Period: November 2019-January 2020. Material & Methods: Three hundred and eighty one participants were selected from both schools and the severity of bullying was analyzed by using a Performa. The scores were calculated and compared with Victimization scale and WHO wellbeing index respectively. Results: The Victimization scale had a score range from 54 to 0. The mean was 8.04 with a Std. Deviation of 9.12. For the WHO well Being Index, 42.8% of total students scored less than 13, indicating negative impacts on mental health. 57.2% of students scored 13 or more. The correlation between Victimization Scale and WHO positive Wellbeing Index had a p-value of 0.844 which is insignificant, showing no correlation between the two variables.  Conclusion: In Pakistan, traditional bullying is common and is clearly related with lower general happiness and higher depression. There is a need to incorporate the promotion of anti-bullying programs and promote positive health as an integral part of the curriculums of Pakistani Schools.

Background: Bullying can be a major problem for many children at most schools. Traditionally, bullying is associated with lower academic achievements and generally lower life satisfaction in a child’s primary years of life. Previous studies exploring the effects of bullying on positive psychological constructs of a child have shown varying results. Objectives: This study is aimed to analyze the degree of bullying in two different schools of Lahore and evaluate its effect on the positive mental wellbeing of the students of each institution. Methods: 381 participants were selected from two schools of Lahore, Pakistan: Sacred Heart Convent and Ibne Sina College. The students selected were from grades 6 to 10. The severity of bullying was analyzed by using a questionnaire designed using the Victimization Scale and the WHO-5 Scale. The scores were calculated for each school and the results were compared for victimization and positive mental wellbeing. Results: The mean score for victimization was 8.90 at the Ibne Sina College and 5.89 at the Sacred Heart Convent, which means the incidence of bullying was higher at Ibne Sina College. According to WHO Wellbeing Index, the mental wellbeing was also higher at Ibne Sina College, with 60.7% of students reporting a score higher than 13, as compared to 48.6% from Sacred Heart Convent. Conclusion: These results suggest that in Pakistan, the rate of traditional bullying is higher among students of co-educational school i.e., students of both genders in the same school or college, however, they also report higher general happiness and lower risk for depression. Irrespectively, there is a need to incorporate the promotion of anti-bullying programs and promote positive health as an integral part of the curriculums in school.

Objectives: The current lockdown in the country has led to a sedentary lifestyle because of a shift of daily activities online and a fear of contracting the illness leading to isolation inside homes; Hence an expected change in weight of the general population. This study aims to determine the frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during the current lockdown of COVID-19. Methods: Participants selected from the ages of 18-25 from different universities of Pakistan were sent questionnaires via WhatsApp, posted online using Microsoft Forms. A total of 157 responses were attained. Results: Among the 157 participants the average weight before the lockdown was 61.95 kgs and after the lockdown was 64.99kgs so there was an increase of 3.016 kgs whereas 18.5% of the sample maintained their weight and 37.6% were reported to have lost weight. The results also depict a 1.6% increase in impairment of body image. Conclusion: We concluded that the Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a gain in the weight and lowered self-esteem with regard to body image of most young adults in Pakistan due to many factors including higher food intake, lack of exercise and also emotional distress. Key words: Obesity, Weight gain, Lockdown, Body Image. How to Cite: Bokhar U, Shoaib U, Tariq S, Khan S.K, Syed F, Amin B, Ijaz F, Aftab R.K. Frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during lockdown: a cross sectional study. Esculapio.2020;16(04):110-115.

Objective: Burnout and imposter phenomenon can significantly impact medical education. The aim of this study is to determine effect of imposter syndrome and burnout in medical students during online and face-face education in Pakistan.     Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry (CMH LMC & IOD) MBBS and BDS Department. Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was used for identifying burnout and Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale was used for identifying imposter characteristics in students. All data collected online using Microsoft forms were given an identification number to maintain anonymity and confidentiality.  Results:The mean impostorism score was higher in face-to-face (in class education) education however, analysis of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) showed no significant association of imposter characteristics with the mode of education with a p-value of 0.053. The mean score for total burnout was higher during online education. The difference in burnout, exhaustion and disengagement during online mode of education and face-to-face mode of teaching was significant with a p-value of 0.001, 0.001, 0.002 respectively.  Conclusions Imposter characteristics are an intrinsic factor not affected by external environment. However, burnout is higher during online education which can be overwhelming and should be taken into consideration when designing curricula. Key words: Imposter phenomenon, Burnout, Online Education, Traditional Education.

Objective: To determine contraceptive knowledge and practices among multiparous women. Study Design: Cross Sectional, Multicenter study. Setting: Gynae Unit I of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore and Gynecology Department of Government Teaching Hospital, Shahdara. Period: 1st July 2019 to 31st December, 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 448 multiparous women were randomly selected from 2 tertiary care hospitals. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of women attending antenatal and gynaecology clinics and indoor. Results: Out of 448 women, all were aware of at least one method of contraception and 272 (65%) had used one. The most commonly employed method was male condom (33%) followed by IUCD (24%), oral contraceptive pill (22%) and hormone based injectables (13%). In upper socioeconomic class, 95% were using birth control methods whereas 71% of middle class and 48% of lower class subjects had used any one method of birth control. In the highly educated subjects, 67% had employed a contraceptive method and among the illiterate, only 39% has used any method. Disapproval on part of the husband was the most common (28%) reason of refusing contraceptive services, followed by desire for more children (16%). Health care workers were the most common source of knowledge of contraception (69%) followed by family members (31%) and media (17%). Conclusion: All the subjects were aware of contraceptive methods. The most common used method is condoms followed by IUCD but practices were limited due to high illetracy, lower socioeconomic status, partener refusal, desire for more issues and fear of side effects.