SUMMARY A detailed standardised study was made of all crippled children aged between five and 15 years and of normal intelligence on the local‐authority lists of handicapped children in three London boroughs. Psychiatric disorder was twice as common in children whose crippling was due to cerebral disease or damage rather than some peripheral lesion. As the groups were well matched in terms of physical incapacity and social background, it was concluded that brain damage was responsible for the children's increased vulnerability to emotional problems. Brain damage was also associated with a marked increase in reading difficulties and a lowering of intelligence within the normal range. Psychiatric disorder was found to be related not only to cerebral injury but also to various types of family disturbance. It is concluded that emotional and behavioural disturbance stemmed from both an increased biological vulnerability and psychosocial hazards. RÉSUMÉ Troubles psychologiques chez les enfants handicapés: étude comparative d'enfants avec et sans lésion cérébrale Il s'agit d'une étude standardisée et detaillée de tous les enfants infirmes âgés de cinq à quinze ans et d'intelligence normale répertoriés sur des listes administratives locales d'enfants handicapés de trois quartiers de Londres. Les troubles psychiatriques étaient deux fois plus fréquents chez les enfants infirmes par pathologie cérébrale par rapport aux cas de lésions périphériques. Comme les groupes étaient bien appariés sur le plan de l'incapacité physique et de l'environnement social, on peut conclure que la pathologie cérébrale était responsable de la vulnérabilité accrue vis à vis des problèmes émotionnels. La presence d'une lésion cérébrale était aussi associée à un accroissement marqué des difficultés de lecture et à une intelligence plus faible de la zone normale. Les troubles psychiatriques etaient reliés non seulement à l'agression cérébrale mais également aux différents types de perturbation familiale. Il à done été conclu que les troubles caractériels et de comportement relevaient à la fois d'une vulnérabilité organique et de conditions psychologiques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Psychologische Probleme bei verkrüppelten Kindern: eine vergleichende Studie von Kindern mit und ohne Hirnschaden Es wurde eine detailierte standardisierte Studie an alien in den Listen der Ortsbehörden von drei Londoner Vororten aufgeführten behinderten Kindern mit normaler Intelligenz im Alter von 5 bis 15 Jahren durchgeführt. Psychiatrische Störungen waren bei den Kindern, deren Behinderung cerebral bedingt war, zweimal so häufig wie bei denen mit peripheren Läsionen. Da die Gruppen im Hinblick auf physische Behinderung und soziale Herkunft gut ausgesucht waren, wurde gefolgert, daß die Hirnschadigung als Ursache fur ein Auftreten emotionaler Probleme bei diesen Kindern anzusehen ist. Bei Hirnschaden traten deutlich häufiger Leseschwierigkeiten auf und die Intelligenz war im unteren Normbereich. Psychiatrische Störungen waren nicht nur durch Hirnschaden sondern auch durch versch...

This paper presents an attempt to establish more precise dating of the Michelsberg enclosure of Klingenberg-Schlossberg in the Neckar valley. The approach used is advocated as the basis on which to explore the timing and duration of other Michelsberg enclosures of the later fifth–earlier fourth millennium cal BC. Excavated extensively in 1986–1987, the Klingenberg enclosure has two ditches across a loess promontory, traces of a palisade inside the inner ditch, remains of burnt superstructure in both ditches, numerous pits both inside and outside, and numerous dog remains. There are some signs of pre-enclosure occupation in the MK II and III/IV phases, but the bulk of activity belongs to the MK V/Munzingen phase. A formal chronological approach combines the detailed archaeological information from the excavation with radiocarbon dates on carefully selected samples, here mainly charred cereals or articulated or articulating animal bones, in a Bayesian statistical framework.  No samples were found to date MK II activity. Samples for two MK III/IV pits suggest a date in the 40th–39thcenturies cal BC. MK V/Mz activity began at the very end of the 39thand the start of the 38thcentury cal BC. Unlike in the previously published interpretation of the sequence, this activity probably began with the construction of the enclosure, both ditches being dug either together or in very quick succession. This was followed by pits inside the enclosure, from the earlier 38thcentury cal BC. Probably after a few decades, pits began to be dug outside the enclosure, in the middle part of the 38thcentury cal BC. Both ditches probably went out of use in the mid-37thcentury cal BC, probably simultaneously, after the burning of the rampart between them, and the ending of the external pits could be of the same date; the internal pits might have continued a little longer. A duration of 120–150 years for MK V/Mz activity is estimated. Alternative models are considered.  The local and wider implications of these formal date estimates are discussed, topics covered including the circumstances in which the enclosure may have been constructed and those in which it ended, the chronology of MK pottery, and the wider development of MK and other enclosures

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