Cognitive radio networks improve spectrum efficiency by employing vigilant and accurate spectrum management techniques. This is done to enable an unlicensed user to use the underutilized spectrum. Spectrum sensing determines if a spectrum hole exists for the unlicensed user, this is accomplished using various techniques such as energy detection, minimum Eigen value detection, and matched filter technique. Conventional energy detection techniques do not achieve high values of detection; hence an improved adaptive energy detection technique has been proposed to improve the efficiency. The proposed methodology exhibits better numerical results than conventional techniques. Another important spectrum management procedure is spectrum handoff. The concept of multiple attributes for decision making was implemented, under which, the simple additive weights method and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method were compared based on a performance involving the triple play of services.INDEX TERMS Adaptive energy detection, cognitive radio networks, spectrum handoff, spectrum sensing.