Hyperparathyroidism is a common calcium metabolic disorder, characterized by the presence of high concentrations or inappropriately normal concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the context of high calcium. Pharmacological and surgical management is available as treatment. The objective of diagnostic imaging is to determine the location of the causal lesion. For these purposes, non-invasive methods can be divided into anatomical or functional studies, with nuclear medicine studies being in the latter category. The objective of this review, is to establish the similarities and differences that exist in the clinical practice guidelines on conventional and molecular nuclear medicine studies in parathyroid disease.

Thyroid cancer is a common endocrinological malignancy worldwide, accounting for 3% of the global incidence of all cancers. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and descriptive reviews mention the use of positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) as an alternative to morphological imaging such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging to clarify the diagnosis. The aim: analysis of positron emission tomography/computed tomography tracers in the differential diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas. Materials and methods: Review about PET/CT tracers different than 2-[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in patients with diagnosed differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Evidence Synthesis: PET/CT is an alternative to morphological diagnosis imaging when is inconclusive or negative due to the suspicion of tumor persistence or recurrence, elevation of tumor markers, dedifferentiation thyroid carcinoma, non-conventional therapeutic options. 2-[18F] FDG is the most uses a tracer, but there are scenarios where can be negative or inconclusive, for this reason, in recent years other PET tracers have been used: [124I] NaI, [18F] Tetrafluoroborate, [68Ga] Ga-NOTE-PRGD2 or [18F] AIF-NOTE-PRGD2, [68Ga] Ga-DOTA-FAPI, [18F] Fluorocholine or [11C] C-Choline, [18F] or [68Ga] Ga-PSMA, [68Ga] Ga DOTA-TATE/TOC/NOC/LAN, [18F]-FAZA, L-[methyl-11C] Methionine and [89Zr] DFO-PAS200-Fab. Conclusions. There are multiple radiopharmaceuticals different than 2-[18F] FDG, which can be adequate in the context of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: 2-[18F] FDG PET/CT negative, TENIS syndrome, radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer suspected, thyroid dedifferentiated carcinoma, and some cases theragnostic tools.

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