This review paper gives a brief overview on how the outstanding chemical and physical properties of phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine derivatives are being studied and employed in order to construct state-of-the-art technological devices. In a first instance, a short account on how the nature of the phthalocyanine structure and its organization in condensed phases play an important role in their conducting and ultraviolet-visible absorption properties is presented. Consequently, these basic electronic and photophysical features of phthalocyanines allow us to explain why phthalocyanine-based multicomponent covalent or noncovalent donor-acceptor systems may give rise to very interesting photophysical properties, in particular in terms of their ability to generate very long-lived photoinduced charge-separated states. A concise survey on the organization of these multifunctional systems shows how a profound understanding of the morphology at the nanometer-scale of these phthalocyanine-based molecular materials is needed in order to control their physical properties in condensed phases. All the previously mentioned chemical and physical features combined together led us to the description of the latest attempts at incorporating phthalocyanines into photovoltaic devices for solar energy conversion and onto quantum dots for photodynamic therapy or quantum computing.

Using multicentre delocalization indices, the ring current maps of a large set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are reconstructed and compared with ab initio computations of the same maps in the pseudo-pi version of the ipsocentric approach to magnetic response. The quality of the comparison indicates that both delocalization and ring current approaches capture the same information about the aromatic nature of the PAH. Aromaticity as a global property, requires knowledge of more than single circuits, but the present results suggest no need to introduce a "multidimensional character" for aromaticity.

and predose MPA levels (geometric mean 2.10; 90% CI: 1.51-2.91) were higher and more variable, not fulfilling bioequivalence criteria. IMPDH activity inversely followed MPA concentrations and was inhibited to a similar degree (approximately 85%) by both formulations. The calculated value for 50% IMPDH inhibition was identical for both drugs. In conclusion, equimolar doses of EC-MPS and MMF produce equivalent MPA exposure, while the delayed release formulation of EC-MPS exhibits more variable predose levels and T max . Overall, IMPDH activity reflected MPA pharmacokinetics.

An adequate endometrial glucose metabolism, mediated by facilitative glucose transporter molecules (GLUT), is an essential part of endometrial differentiation and decidualization to provide a nutritional and receptive milieu. In human endometrium, only the GLUT1 and GLUT3 isoforms are expressed, whereas glucose transporters, involved in insulin-dependent glucose uptake (GLUT2, GLUT4, GLUT8), could not be detected. Messenger RNA expression, analyzed by RNase protection assay, of both isoforms increased in total endometrium throughout the secretory phase and in decidua. Analysis of mRNA expression in isolated epithelial cells, stromal cells, and CD45 positive leukocytes revealed that increase of GLUT1 expression was due to increasing stromal expression, whereas increase of GLUT3 was due to its expression in CD45-positive immune cells. In vitro, GLUT1 and GLUT3 were not directly regulated by 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, or IL-1beta, IL-6, and leukemia inhibitory factor, but GLUT1 mRNA increased progressively in stromal cells, decidualized in vitro. Inhibition of glucose transporters by cytochalasin B reduced stromal glucose uptake and stromal decidualization. In idiopathic infertile patients, GLUT1 expression in midsecretory endometrium was suppressed. The suppression was caused by reduced stromal expression. Our results suggest stromal GLUT to play a role in the regulation of endometrial function and be compromised in the preparation of the endometrium for the implanting embryo.