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The southern king crab, Lithodes santolla Molina, and stone crab, Paralomis granulosa Jacquinot, inhabit the coldtemperate waters of southernmost South America (southern Chile and Argentina), where stocks of both species are endangered by overfishing. Recent investigations have shown that these crabs show life-cycle adaptations to scarcity of food and low temperatures prevailing in subantarctic regions, including complete lecithotrophy of all larval stages and prolonged periods of brooding and longevity. However, growth and development to maturity are slow under conditions of low temperatures, which may explain the particular vulnerability of subpolar lithodids to fisheries. In the present study, juvenile L. santolla and P. granulosa were individually reared in the laboratory at constant temperatures ranging from 3-15 8C, and rates of survival and development through successive instars were monitored throughout a period of about nine months from hatching. When the experiments were terminated, L. santolla had maximally reached juvenile instar IV (at 6 8C), V (9 8C), or VII (15 8C). In P. granulosa the maximum crab instar reached was II (at 3 8C), V (6 8C), V (9 8C), or VII (15 8C). The intermoult period decreased with increasing temperature, while it increased in successively later instars. In consequence, growth rate showed highly significant differences among temperatures (Pb0.001). Growth-at-moult was highest at 9 8C. Rates of survival decreased significantly in juvenile P. granulosa with increasing temperature. Only at 15 8C in L. santolla, was a significantly enhanced mortality found compared with lower temperatures. Our results indicate that juvenile stages of L. santolla and P. granulosa are well adapted to 5-108C, the range of temperatures typically prevailing in subantarctic marine environments. In spite of causing higher mortality rates, higher rearing temperatures (12-15 8C) should accelerate the rates of growth and maturation, which may be favourable for projects aiming at aquaculture or repopulation of overexploited king crab stocks. D

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The endemic Jamaican freshwater crab Sesarma meridies lives in shady microhabitats on river banks, where temperature and pH are lower and ion concentrations higher than in mid-stream water. Ovigerous females were found to release up to 140 yolk-rich larvae (hatching period: 1 week; >90% at night). Larval development comprised two fully lecithotrophic zoeal stages and a feeding megalopa, which was also able to develop without food (facultative lecithotrophy). After metamorphosis in complete absence of food, juvenile crabs showed reduced body size, delayed moulting, and enhanced mortality. Endotrophic development was fuelled by internal lipid reserves; proteins were conserved as structural components of tissues and organs. Fed megalopae enhanced their protein content rather than re-stocking previously lost lipid reserves. Ecdysial biomass (CHN) losses were very low (zoeal stages: 1–2%; megalopa: 3–7%), showing an energy-saving production of thin exuviae. An extended hatching period may reduce intraspecific competition or cannibalism among juveniles; nocturnal hatching should reduce the predation on larvae. Large egg size, enhanced yolk reserves, an extended embryonic development (7 weeks at 24°C; implying a prolonged period of brood care), abbreviated and partially food-independent larval development, and reduced exuvial losses are considered as life-history adaptations to unpredictable planktonic food availability in the breeding habitat.