BAY 12-8039 is a new 8-methoxyquinolone with antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria which is significantly better than those of sparfloxacin or ciprofloxacin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 90% of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were 0.062 and 2 mg/l, respectively. The MIC90S for ciprofloxacin-resistant, methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 8 mg/l. Against the staphylococcal strains tested sparfloxacin was 2-fold and ciprofloxacin ≥ 10-fold less active. MIC₉₀s for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae were 0.125–0.5 mg/l, irrespective of whether strains with diminished ciprofloxacin susceptibility or ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains were tested. Against the streptococci sparfloxacin was 2- to 4-fold less active. Against gram-negative bacteria BAY 12-8039 is almost as active as ciprofloxacin, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. BAY 12-8039 was as active as metronidazole. The bactericidal activity against S. aureus and S. pneumoniae was in contrast to that of the other quinolones tested, penicillin G, amoxicillin ± clavulanate, cefuroxime and clarithromycin, concentration-dependent. As compared to ciprofloxacin, development of resistance was less pronounced. The spontaneous mutation frequency towards BAY 12-8039 resistance was 2.8 × 10^––8 in Escherichia coli, 7.06 × 10^––8 in S. aureus and < 1.4 x 10^––9 in S. pneumoniae.

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The central Andean Cordillera of Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and northern Chile may be divided into three fundamental geologic provinces, based on the age and dominant geology of the exposed rocks. We define these provinces as follows:Province I: The coastal volcanic arc, comprising the Jurassic-early Tertiary coastal batholith complex and related volcanic rocks of the Western Cordillera and coastal belt. Based on differences in the isotopic composition of ore lead, province I is further subdivided into subprovince Ia, comprising the coastal volcanic belt of northern and central Chile; subprovince Ib, in central Peru north of 13 ø S; and subprovince Ic, in southern Peru and northernmost Chile between 19 ø S and 13 ø S. Province II: The Jurassic and Cretaceous miogeosynclinal sedimentary belt that dominates the geology of the high Andes of Peru. Province III: The Eastern Cordillera of southeastern Peru, central Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, made up mainly of early Paleozoic clastic sediments. We have also divided this into two subprovinces due to different ore lead isotope characteristics: subprovince IIIa in Bolivia and northern Argentina, and subprovince IIIb in southeastern Peru. These provinces are bordered by noncordilleran units of the Brazil and Guyana Shields, the Arequipa massif, and the metamorphic terranes of southern Chile and central-western Argentina.We present 45 new analyses of ore minerals from 31 mining districts and two of host rocks from province III and summarize our results together with other data available in the literature. Isotopic compositions of ore lead from the above provinces conform to neighboring but distinct fields on Pb isotope covariation diagrams.Lead from province I ores has •ø6Pb/2ø4pb = 18.21 to 18.82, 2ø7Pb/•ø4pb = 15.55 to 15.69, and 2øSPb/2ø4pb --38.11 to 38.95. Lead from province II ores is less variable, with consistently higher 2ø6Pb/•ø4pb and •øSPb/2ø4pb than the province I ores and slightly higher average •ø7Pb/•ø4pb. We consider the province I and II ore leads to reflect different degrees of mixing between magmatic, upper mantle-derived lead and crustal sources. Most assimilation of crustal lead is probably magmatic and results from incorporation of lead from subducted sediments at the magma source and/or from the crust during ascent of the parent magma from the upper mantle. Province III ore leads are much more variable than those of provinces I and II, having 2ø6Pb/2ø4pb = 17.97 to 25.18, 2ø7Pb/2ø4pb = 15.51 to 16.00, and •øSPb/•ø4pb --37.71 to 40.07; they have consistently higher •ø7Pb/•ø4pb and •øSPb/2ø4pb for given values of •ø•Pb/•ø4pb than ore leads from the other provinces. Province III leads indicate more radiogenic, heterogenous source regions and suggest that fusion of continental crust has played an important role in the genesis of magmas and associated ore deposits. This is substantiated by the metaluminous to strongly peraluminous character of much of the magmatism in province III.Detailed comparisons of lead isotope data available in ...