This article analyzes the labor gender policies and the strategies of “genderization” put forward by the Franco Dictatorship in Spain. The Franco regime understood that women were the touchstone of society and key in both biological and sociocultural reproduction. Legislative regulations and sanctioned discourses accentuated the division between productive-public and reproductive-domestic spheres, relegating women to the latter. Nevertheless, to what extent did women embrace and challenge the regime's idealistic view of gender? This article contemplates female employment within and beyond official discourse. Oral sources used in this article suggest that socioeconomic reality overflowed the narrow limits of normative femininity. Not all women could enjoy the “honor” of embodying the exalted role of “perfect (house) wife” that the Franco regime had entrusted to them. In addition, this article explores changes in the ideal of femininity throughout the dictatorship. The Franco regime underwent crucial transformations during its almost 40 years of existence. This article argues that its adaptation had repercussions on sociocultural patterns and gender policies. Francoism built its early notion of normative femininity on the ideals of domesticity and Catholic morality, but (re)shaped the meanings of womanhood and (re)adjusted the legal system to fit the new circumstances that arose in the Cold War context.
The Francoist state, in collusion with the Church, tried to domesticate women's bodies and encode dressing patterns in accordance with Catholic moral doctrine. This article interrogates the normative notion of femininity in Francoism, focusing on ecclesiastical discourse and Catholic dress code. The Church dictated dressing norms, and the Franco regime sanctioned to a great extent its sartorial parameters. This paper also explores how women embodied gender ideals and sartorial patterns. I argue that foreign (im)moral influences that fissured normative discourses and sartorial practices from the 1950s onwards, after the international rehabilitation of the dictatorship and the transition from a society marked by an autarkic economic policy to a consumer society. This historical analysis suggests that efforts of (wo)men in positions of power within the Francoist regime and the Catholic Church to control the infiltration of other models and fashions were increasingly unsuccessful.
El género ofrece una atalaya para pensar y repensar el rol de las mujeres rurales durante la dictadura franquista. En esa convicción, el presente texto busca acercarse a las construcciones ideales sobre los sujetos femeninos que habitaban el medio rural que el poder puso en liza tras la guerra civil. Nuestra meta es aprehender los distintos modelos de mujer rural que se convirtieron en normativos en un periodo histórico definido por la imposición de una dictadura que marcó mudanzas en los modelos de mujer imperantes. Pretendemos acercarnos a su análisis y demostrar que se construyeron en consonancia con los distintos modelos de desarrollo económico que definieron la agricultura española durante la dictadura. Con este objetivo emplearemos fuentes de variadas naturalezas, incluida la prensa y las disposiciones legislativas, que emanaban de aquellas instituciones que fueron creadas para «moldear» a las mujeres rurales a imagen y semejanza del ideal construido. Prestaremos especial atención a la labor desarrollada por Sección Femenina, a través de la figura de las divulgadoras rurales y las Cátedras Ambulantes, así como por el Servicio de Extensión Agraria a partir de las figuras de las agentes de economía doméstica.
Este artículo tiene por objeto el reflexionar sobre de la historiografía de las mujeres y el género. En primer lugar, se examina de forma sucinta el paso de una historia sin mujeres a una historia de las mujeres. En segundo lugar, se presta atención al “género” como categoría de análisis histórico y al desplazamiento hacia una historia de esta noción. A continuación, se considera la andadura hacia la institucionalización y el reconocimiento de estos estudios. Por último, se presentan algunos problemas y algunos retos actuales que caracterizan a este campo de investigación.
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