Objective: To assess the frequency of abnormal sperm motility and related factors in male smokers with primary infertility. Place and duration of the study: From 8th Feb 2021 to 8th Feb 2022 at Gynaecology Department of Bakhtawar Amin Trust Teaching Hospital Multan for 1 year Study design: A retrospective study Methodology: A total of 120 patients were included in the study among which 100 patients were smokers and 20 patients were non-smokers. For sample collection, patients were asked to masturbate and collect the first portion of ejaculate to ensure the maximum amount of sperm. Semen analysis was done on regular basis under a light microscope according to WHO guidelines. After the semen liquefaction, the 10μl of the sample was analyzed on a glass slide covered with a coverslip. For evaluating the motility, 200 spermatozoa were counted in 5 fields at 200x magnification. Results: Six non-smokers (30%) showed low motility. In comparison, 76 smokers (63.3%) showed low motility. Low motility was observed more in smokers as compared to smokers. The difference between motility in smokers and non-smokers was statistically significant (<0.001) (Chi sq= 23.55). Cigarette smoking also affected the sperm count as 24 (20%) smokers had a low sperm count. Conclusion: Smoking affects vital sperm characteristics such as sperm count and motility and in turn, be a potential cause of subfertility or infertility. Keywords: Cigarette smoking, male fertility, sperm count, sperm motility.

Aim: Aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of factors underlying postmenopausal bleeding in local population. Study design: A cross sectional study Duration and place: Department of obstetrics and gynecology of Bakhtawar Amin Trust Hospital Multan from 14th April 2019 to 14th April 2020. Methodology: The study included 130 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Demographic data including period of complain and age was collected. Cervical smears of all subjects were taken and investigated. Transvaginal ultrasonography of all patients were also done. SPSS-IBM version 20 was used used to analyze data.P value 50.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Atrophic endometrium was seen in 46.2% patients, Endometritis 18.5%, Endometrial hyperplasia 10%, Endometrial carcinoma 5.4%, Cervical cancer 7.7% and Polyp was 10.8%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that only the most frequent cause of PBM in post menopausal women was found similar to previous data, all other causes had different ranking. Keywords: Post menopausal bleeding, cervical cancer, endometrial atrophy