Изложены результаты изучения новых сортов озимой ржи по комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков в условиях Республики Марий Эл на дерново-подзолистых почвах. В испытании участвовали сорта отечественной селекции (Татьяна-контроль, Московская 15, Рада, Янтарная) на фоне основного внесения N24P24K24 при различных уровнях азотного питания (N0, N45 весной при возобновлении вегетации, N15 в фазу колошения, N 45 весной при возобновлении вегетации + N15 в фазу колошения). Так, Сорт Рада достоверно превысил контрольный вариант (сорт Татьяна) на 0,94 т/га, ниже стандарта оказались сорта Московская 15 и Янтарна. Причем, если по сорту Янтарная отмечается тенденция к уменьшению урожайности (на 0,33 т/га), то сорт Московская 15 достоверно оказался ниже контроля на 0,8 т/га. Разные варианты внесения азотной подкормки достоверно увеличили сбор зерна и кормовых единиц. Максимальное значение этих показателей отмечается при внесении азотной подкормки в дозе N 45 (весной при возобновлении вегетации) + N15 (в фазу колошения). Внесение минерального питания увеличивает затраты на производство зерна. По результатам экономического анализа самая низкая себестоимость (2,9 руб./кг) и наивысшие уровни рентабельности отмечены при возделывании сорта Рада в вариантах с внесением N45 весной в подкормку (188,0%) и N15 в подкормку в фазу колошения (192,3%). Внесение азотных подкормок в данных вариантах на фоне основного внесения азофоски в дозе 1,5 ц/га привело к увеличению себестоимости одного килограмма зерна до 3,3 руб., но было высокорентабельным (уровни рентабельности производства зерна соответственно 157 и 156%). Ключевые слова: сортоизучение озимой ржи, основное внесение удобрений, уровни азотного питания, продуктивность, кормовая единица, рентабельность производства зерна озимой ржи

The article discusses the influence of mineral fertilizers on formation of productivity and grain quality of different spring barley types in the soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Mari El. Research has established, that the application of mineral fertilizers for spring barley in doses of N60P60K60 and N90P60K60 increases the crude protein content in the grain and increase harvesting of feed units per unit of cultivated area.

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The construction of modern poultry farms has significantly increased the proportion of bird droppings in the total production of organic fertilizers. Due to the high concentration of poultry farms on the territory of the Mari El Republic, the need has arisen to search for and scientifically sound introduction of new technologies that are not traditional for our zone of fertilizers, techniques and methods of growing crops based on agricultural biologization in order to significantly reduce the chemical load on the soil. One of the methods to improve soil fertility is the use of granular organic fertilizers based on bird droppings. We conducted studies on the use of GOF based on chicken droppings in the cultivation of spring wheat. Studies have shown that the use of granular organic fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in spring wheat yields. The highest value was observed for the option with the introduction of GOF at a dose of 400 kg/ha, and amounted to 2.18 t/ha, which is 34.6% higher than the option without fertilizers. It should be noted that the use of GOF based on bird droppings contributed to the reduction of root rot susceptibility of spring wheat, the smallest spread and development of root rot was in the variant with 400 kg/ha - 44.7% and 24.1%, which is 28.8% and 41.4% less than in the variant without fertilizers.

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the dynamics of humus in the sod-podzolic medium-loam soil of the Republic of Mari El. It was found that in the control grain-grass crop rotation on the natural soil fertility for 24 years, the humus content in the soil gradually decreased. By the end of the second rotation, it decreased by 0.03%, in the third-by another 0.08 % and the fourth-by 0.02 %. The content of humus in the soil of the first fruit-bearing crop rotation decreased even more intensively than in the control. In 2001, the content of humus in the natural soil fertility decreased by 0.05% compared to the initial state. In 2007, at the end of the second rotation, humus in the first crop rotation decreased by 0.09…0.10 % from the initial state. In 2013 - by 0.16…0.17 %. The lowest humus content- 1.55 % for all the time of research was in the soil of the first fruit-bearing crop rotation at the end of the Quad rotation against the background of natural soil fertility. The difference compared to the initial state in this variant was -0.17 %. The highest humus content was in the soil of the second crop rotation, where rotted manure was applied under potatoes-80 t / ha. By the end of the first rotation, the humus content in the soil of the crop rotation increased by 0.03…0.04 %. By the end of the second-by 0.11% relative to the first rotation, the third-by 0.10…0.12 %, the fourth-by 0.20…0.21 %. Against a background without fertilizers, the humus content was always higher than when using N60P60K60. The most stable humus content was in the soil of the third crop rotation. In this rotation of six fields, two fields were under perennial legumes. During three rotations, the content of humus in the soil in this crop rotation was within the range of 1.72…1.74 %. Only after the fourth rotation, the humus content decreased to 1.70…1.73 %.