The global automotive industry is faced with the task of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions generated by vehicle exhaust. Heavy machinery like trucks, trailers, off-road vehicles, etc. powered by the diesel engines. These vehicles emit large quantities of NOx and smoke emissions. The simultaneous reduction of both emissions is the key challenge for the automotive industry. Burning a homogeneous charge at relatively low temperature seems to be the means to control both the emissions simultaneously. In this experimental study, the combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a premixed charge compression Ignition Engine (PCCI) with ethanol injected in the intake manifold of the engine along with biodiesel (Palm oil methyl ester) injected directly into the combustion chamber. The experiments were carried out in a four-stroke, single cylinder vertical water cooled, constant speed diesel engine with the range of 10- 30% premixed ethanol fuel from no load to full load condition is studied. The experiments were conducted with an engine operating in PCCI mode with biodiesel – ethanol blends in dual fuel mode. The experimental results showed that there was a slight increase in Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO) but there was a reduction in Nitrous-oxide (NOX) and Smoke emissions for the blend containing 70% biodiesel and 30% ethanol.

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A simple comprehensive method is proposed for the design of a double toggle mechanism for crushing machine. In the proposed approach method, the crushing operation was performed with crushing tool and its simultaneously working. It is easy to perform the number of crushing operation in a single drive motor system it can be replace the crushing tool. The numerical simulation is carried out by using commercially available CFD software named ANSYS12.1 and the results are presented. Finally, a toggle mechanism is fabricated in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach and number of punching in single drive and time interval system.

In this project, we present a detailed modelling approach for a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell using MATLAB Simulink. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the PEM fuel cell system, including the electrochemical reactions that occur within the fuel cell, the thermodynamics of the system, and the transport processes of the reactants and products. The model is based on a multi-phase approach and incorporates several sub-models for each component of the fuel cell system. The resulting model is validated using experimental data from literature, and the results show excellent agreement with the experimental data. The model is further used to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as gas flow rate, and cell voltage, on the fuel cell's efficiency. . The research's conclusions give important new information about the operation and optimisation of PEM fuel cells, and the suggested model can be utilised to build and improve PEM fuel cell systems.