18The benefits and efficacy of control programs for herds infected with Mycobacterium avium 19 subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been investigated under various contexts. However, most 20 previous research investigated paratuberculosis control programs in isolation, without modeling 21 the potential association with other dairy diseases. This paper evaluated the benefits of MAP 22 control programs when the herd is also affected by mastitis, a common disease causing the 23 largest losses in dairy production. The effect of typically suggested MAP controls were estimated 24 under the assumption that MAP infection increased the rate of clinical mastitis. We evaluated 25 one hundred twenty three control strategies comprising various combinations of testing, culling, 26 and hygiene, and found that the association of paratuberculosis with mastitis alters the ranking of 27 specific MAP control programs, but only slightly alters the cost-effectiveness of particular MAP 28 control components, as measured by the distribution of net present value of a representative U.S. 29 dairy operation. In particular, although testing and culling for MAP resulted in a reduction in 30 MAP incidence, that control led to lower net present value (NPV) per cow. When testing was 31 used, ELISA was more cost-effective than alternative testing regimes, especially if mastitis was 32 explicitly modeled as more likely in MAP-infected animals, but ELISA testing was only 33 significantly associated with higher NPV if mastitis was not included in the model at all. 34Additional hygiene was associated with a lower NPV per cow, although it lowered MAP 35 prevalence. Overall, the addition of an increased risk of mastitis in MAP-infected animals did not 36 change model recommendations as much as failing to consider mastitis at all. 37 Paratuberculosis, or Johne's Disease, is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants caused by 40 infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Animals are usually 41 infected at a young age, with a variable and often extended latent period [1]. Infected animals 42 have lower milk production [2-9], decreased reproductive performance in later stages of disease 43 [6,10-12], and are often culled early [5,13]. It is difficult to control MAP in dairy herds; many 44 tests have poor diagnostic sensitivity [14], MAP persists in the environment for long periods of 45 time [15], paratuberculosis symptoms are slow to develop [16], and the available vaccines are 46 limited in distribution due to their cross-reaction with tuberculosis diagnostics [17]. 47 The debate over the economically optimal control method for MAP results from a wide range of 48 models and assumptions. Some studies have found test and culling to be consistently cost-49 effective [18,19], while others have found that cost-efficacy of test and cull required subsidized 50 testing costs [20] or only culling of animals with decreased milk production during MAP latency 51 [21]. Simulation models have identified cost-effective programs, such as q...

In Cs2SbCl6 and related compounds antimony appears as Sb(III) and Sb(V) in alternate halide octahedra. The optical spectrum contains "mixed va-lence" peaks assigned to Sb(III) -Sb(V) transfer near 18 and 27 kK (cm-'). In addition there is a peak near 31 kK assigned to an internal transition on Sb(III) and one near 37 kK assigned to Sb(V) greatly to modify the characteristics of the ground state by change in configuration interaction (1, 2). These electronic transitions involve the thermal transfer of electrons between orbitals. The usual technique for measuring the difference in energy between orbitals is optical absorption. The energy required for thermal and optical processes is, in general, different due to a number of factors. These include: (1) the Franck-Condon principle, (2) differences in selection rules, (3) relaxation of the Born-Oppenheimer condition (configuration interaction), and (4) the possibility that different configuration coordinates may be involved in the two processes.Nevertheless an approximate relationship between the thermal and optical energy for a given process has been developed (1, 3), based primarily on the Franck-Condon effect, but which can be extended to include multiple configuration coordinates. (7,8).The spectrum at one atmosphere includes a peak near 31 kK assigned (4) to a 5S2-*-5s15p1 excitation on Sb (III) and one near 37 kK assigned (4) to an excitation on Sb(V) mixed with the fundamental absorption edge of the crystal. In addition there are mixed valence peaks near 18 and 27 kK. We label these 2MV1 and MV2. They shift rapidly to lower energy with increasing pressure. In Fig. 1 we exhibit the shift of the MV, peak in Cs2SbCl6 and also in Cs2Sbo.3Sno.7CI6. The shift is about 5 kK in 120 kbar with no significant difference between the two compounds. The MV2 peak shifts at least as rapidly with increasing pressure. In Fig. 2 we exhibit the spectrum in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) at several pressures. There are a number of features to be observed. The IV2 peak shifts to lower energy and fades in intensity with pressure. The [1] where hvmas is the energy of maximum absorption, bEl/, is the peak half width, and co and co' are force constants for the ground and excited state potential wells. The analysis is approximate but it has been shown (1, 3) to give the right order of magnitude for the pressure for initiation of electronic transitions.Mixed valence compounds, in which an ion exists in two valence states at different sites in a crystal, have been widely investigated. Robin and Day (4) have provided an analytical review and classification of these compounds according to the 3065