in). of the length (Anteroposterior diameter) and width (transverse diameter) of the foramen ovale was taken using sliding Keywords ► foramen ovale ► greater wing of sphenoid ► middle cranial fossa ► mandibular nerve Abstract Introduction The greater wing of sphenoid presents various foramina, of which the foramen ovale is one important foramen through which advanced surgical therapeutic and diagnostic procedures related to the middle cranial fossa are performed. Materials and Methods A total of 40 dried adult skulls of unknown gender and age, obtained from the Department of Anatomy of the JSS medical College, Mysuru, Kamakata, India. The length and the width of the foramen ovale were measured using digital sliding calipers (tiny deal 150 mm SS digital caliper with LCD display, Kristeel-Shimwa industries, Bombay, India). Results The mean length of the foramen ovale was 0.745 AE 0.31 cm on the right side (RS), and 0.68 AE 0.15 cm on the left side (LS). The mean width was 0.6 AE 0.17 cm on the RS, and 0.56 AE 0.14 cm on the LS. Conclusion The knowledge of variations in the length and breadth of the foramen ovale is of immense importance in neurosurgery during various invasive surgical procedures, such as percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, and in the biopsy of cavernous sinus tumors and of Meckel cave lesions.

Introduction.The Achilles tendon is one of the most frequently ruptured tendons in the human body. Surgical management commonly includes end to end repairs in acute tears, and chronic ruptures require autologous tendon transfer with Flexor hallucis longus or Flexor digitorum longus. Methods. A longitudinal observational study was done on 22 confirmed cases of chronic Achilles tendon rupture. Two incision technique of FHL tendon transfer with no exposure/debridement of the Tendoachilles was incorporated and functional outcome with American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot score, modified RUPP and Achilles Tendon Total Rupture (ATRS) scores both pre-and post-operatively were evaluated. Wound healing time and complications, heel-floor distance, calf circumference, hallux function and morbidity, graft characteristics and anatomic variation of master Knot of Henry were evaluated. Patients were followed up and assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-operatively. Results. The mean length of the FHL graft obtained from 2 incision technique was 8.09 cm. There was significant improvement in the Heel Rise Height Index from 7 to 63% (p < 0.0001), mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score from 43.9 to 89.6 (p < 0.001), mean ATRS Score from 19.6 to 79 (p < 0.0001) and mean Hallux MTP-IP scores to 96.3 (p < 0.0001) at 6 th month follow up was found. 13 (59%) had "Excellent" modified RUPP scores. 20 (90.9%) had Type I variation while 2 (9.1%) had Type II variation in MKH. Mean length of the graft obtained was 8.09cm. Mean wound healing time was about 13 days and only one had wound complication. Conclusions. FHL tendon transfer has advantages of requiring minimal dissection, being stronger than FDL and PB and it is an in-phase transfer with the same axis of contraction. KEY WORDS Chronic Tendoachilles rupture; FHL tendon transfer; 2 incision technique; functional outcome; anatomical variation of Master Knot of Henry.