The fundamental issues of extending the period between repairs for glass-melting tank furnaces are analyzed. Based on data obtained in studying refractory brickwork after the furnace has been stopped for a cold repair and analyzing the specifics of corrosion of refractories in various structural elements, technical solutions are proposed and implemented enabling one to extend the tank furnace campaign to 7 -8 years.The overhaul period for a glass-melting tank furnace depends on many factors: properties of refractory materials, primarily their heat and corrosion resistance in the melt and in the aggressive gaseous atmosphere saturated with aggressive volatile glass and batch components and fuel combustion products, as well as service condition of brickwork elements (cooling, insulation), glass melting parameters (temperature level, specific glass melt output, type of fuel) and furnace design specifics.The significant service properties of refractories determined under laboratory conditions cannot provide a sufficiently accurate estimate of the furnace campaign duration. They can be used for comparison of various materials and preliminary estimate of their suitability for specific service conditions. Consequently, objective data on efficient and rational application of refractory materials can be obtained only by a systematic study of their behavior in various structural elements of brickwork. A generalized analysis of such data may identify the ultimate service capacities of traditional refractories and suggest effective solutions regarding an upgrade of the furnace design, improvement of the service condition of brickwork elements, or replacing a refractory by another more resistant one, in order to extend as much as possible the furnace campaign.The database obtained at the Salavatsteklo JSC during the past 30 years from numerous inspections of brickwork of glass-melting tank furnaces for sheet and container glass and impure sodium disilicate after the furnaces were stopped for a cold repair or reconstruction during the last 309 years indicates that the service life of a furnace is usually limited not by the general unsatisfactory state of the whole brickwork but by the destruction (frequently an emergency destruction) of a limited number of structural elements in the melting tank and the gas space of the melting zone with maximal temperatures.Such elements primarily include: -the upper part of the melting tank walls; -burners and walls of the flame space; -roofs and dividing walls of regenerator chambers and regenerator checkerwork;-to a lesser extent the main roof and the bottom of the melting tank in the same zones.Its should be noted that up to 1990s when a campaign usually lasted 3 -4 years, the limiting element was usually the upper part of the melting tank walls. In recent years when the campaign of the tank furnaces at the company has been extended to 7 -8 years, the elements limiting the furnace campaign are more often the upper structure elements (burners, flame space walls, certain parts of regenerato...

The physico-chemical processes and individual factors affecting the uniformity of the mix both when the mix components are being mixed in a mixer in a sectional line and when the mix is transported and loaded into a glass-making furnace are analyzed. The effect of moistening on mix quality in obtaining glass mix and transporting and loading the mix into the furnace by means of mix loaders is determined. The temperature factors ensuring that the mix temperature when the mix is loaded into the furnace is no lower than 35 -40°C are determined. The degree to which mix is removed with respect to both quantity and individual components on the loading hopper and regenerators along the glass-making furnace is determined. The direction for further research on optimizing the mix preparation process in order to increase the operational efficiency of a glass-making furnace is proposed on the basis of the results obtained in the present work.

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Optimization of the physical-chemical processes occurring during the preparation of glass batch, improvement of the batch preparation processes, transport, and feeding into the glassmaking furnace, and the quality indicators of batch are all important but not decisive to obtaining high-quality finished product -glass. Together with these factors the redox properties of the components used for preparing batch and the batch itself as well as the redox potential of molten glass made from the batch are of enormous importance for the glassmaking process and for the quality of molten glass. This article analyzes the redox processes occurring during melting of the sulfate of soda batch with float-glass composition and the optimization of sodium sulfate and carbon addition to the batch in order to obtain a batch that increases the stability of the melting process and the output and improves the quality of the final product with respect to defects such as bubbles and inclusions.Optimization of the physical-chemical processes during the preparation of glass batch is important for obtaining a high-quality batch. The following factors must be taken into account [1]:-particle-size distribution in the batch after the raw materials have been mixed;-batch temperature after the raw materials have been mixed;-moisture content of the batch; -method of feeding and mixing cullet and constancy of the batch/cullet ratio.However, attaining optimal batch-quality parameters in the dispensing-mixing shop is found to be inadequate.Studies of the technological process have established that the batch quality indicators at the time the batch is loaded into the glass furnace are important for the efficiency of the glassmaking process. For this reason, a new method of loading batch into a glass furnace was proposed [2]. Improvement of the processes involved in the preparation, transport, and feeding of batch into a glass furnace had a positive effect on glass making and the quality of the final product.However, in analyzing the operation of two float-lines (the observations were performed over a period of one month) it was noticed that for the same technological parameters of the operation of glass furnaces, such as the capacity and batch/cullet ratio, and for the same batch composition, fluctuations of the bottom temperatures in the melting zone and of the gas temperature, including in the maximum temperature zone, arose periodically (repeatedly) and simultaneously in both lines. Such changes often increased the number of gas inclusions in the form of stony inclusions and striae, which undoubtedly lowered the quality of the glass and the molten-glass utilization factor (MUF).This required a deeper analysis of the redox properties of the components used for preparing batch and the mixture and redox potential of the molten glass made using this mixture. This is especially important because active oxidizing and reducing agents (sodium sulfate and carbon) are used in the batch and one of the aims of the present work is to optimize their amounts.It ...

Among various processes of EOR, in-situ combustion (ISC) received an increased attention in the world. Such specific features as applying to deep reservoirs and at any stages of depletion, lack of transport heat losses, cheap working agent (air) makes this method most thermally efficient and economically comparable to steamflooding. The Karazhanbas experience of ISC implementation is a bright example of well-designed project. After the estimation of reserves in 1978 there were created two large fields to develop thermal EOR methods. They are the VVG field to develop in-situ combustion and the PTV field to develop the steam flooding. Unfortunately, this project was not fully completed and was interrupted before the planned deadline because of the current economic situation in the country in the 90s. Anyway the project demonstrated high technological and economic efficiency. The study (article) describes a history of project, results of logging data, problems encountered during combustion process and comparative analysis of developed and existing methods.