We questioned 181 healthy pregnant women about their urological symptoms during pregnancy; frequency and stress incontinence were commonest. The incidences of stress incontinence and urge incontinence were increased and that of hesitancy was decreased by pregnancy. Descent of the presenting part did not affect any of these symptoms.

She is currently an obstetrician-gynaecologist in Montpellier and has specialized in reproductive medicine since 2015. She carried out 12-months of clinical research in reproductive medicine at the Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney in 2018 and worked on premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome.

The inefficiency of the Ayres Spatula in detecting abnormality in cervical cytology has been demonstrated recently in a number of trials. In a randomized single-blind trial we have compared the Multispatula with the Ayres Spatula in a group of 158 women who previously had abnormal smears and had been referred to colposcopy clinics in the Lewisham and North Southwark Health Authority of London. The quality of the smears, as assessed by the presence or absence of endocervical cells, revealed that the Multispatula (87.3% pick-up) produced significantly better smears (p less than 0.005) compared with the Ayres Spatula (54.4% pick-up). In 149 smears collected with the Multispatula, atypia was confirmed. However, in only 129 smears taken with the Ayres Spatula were abnormal smears detected (p decreases less than 0.005). We concluded that the Multispatula produces a better quality smear which results in a decreased false negative rate in comparison with the Ayres Spatula.