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Abstract. Friction stir welding (FSW) is an important joining process wherein two dissimilar metals and alloys are welded together using frictional heat produced in a revolving tool and workpiece. FSW is playing an important role in dissimilar material joining of Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminum (Al) materials due to the increasing demand for their industrial applications. In this review article, the research background of FSW processes, and influences of joining factors on tensile strength, micro-hardness, and microstructures of FSW of Al-Mg alloy materials have been studied. The effects of joining factors for example axial force, tool revolving speed, tool incline, speed, and offset on welding characterizes have been enlightened to make defect-free FSW of aluminum and magnesium alloys. The microstructural behaviors of intermetallic formation and material drift in FSW zones of Al-Mg were also studied to find the scope to improve the welding quality.

In this chapter, the general procedures for the biomass and bio-ethanal manufacturing processes are explained. The various physical and chemical pre-treating methods for biomass are elaborated. The various acid hydrolysis methods, enzyme immobilisation methods, fermentation methods, and optimising the parameters and factors for hydrolysis have been exemplified. The stage-by-stage bioethanol production processes from Sunn hemp seed has been illustrated. Biomass preparation, pre-treatment processes, hydrolysis, synthesis of ferrites, and study of bioethanol characterizations are graphically exemplified. The microstructure of untreated and treated hemp biomass has been displayed. The variations in bioethanol concentration with increasing treatment time have been discussed. The incorporation of optimization parameters for producing quality bioethanol is also interpreted.