In this study, the physicochemical properties and preliminary in vivo clinical performance of formulations containing hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC; 3, 5, 10% w/w), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP; 3, 5% w/w), polycarbophil (PC; 1, 3, 5% w/w), and flurbiprofen (5% w/w) were examined. Flurbiprofen release into PBS pH 7.4 was performed at 37 degrees C. The mechanical properties (hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, initial stress) and syringeability of formulations were determined using a texture analyzer in texture profile analysis (TPA) and compression modes, respectively. In general, the time required for release of 10 and 30% of the original mass of flurbiprofen (t10%, t30%) increased as the concentration of each polymeric component increased. However, in the presence of either 5 or 10% HEC and 5% PC, increased PVP concentration decreased both t10%, t30% due to excessive swelling (and disintegration) of these formulations. Increased concentrations of HEC, PVP, and PC significantly increased formulation hardness, compressibility, work of syringe expression, and initial stress due to the effects of these polymers on formulation viscoelasticity. Similarly, increased concentrations of PC (primarily), HEC, and PVP increased formulation adhesiveness due to the known bioadhesive properties of these polymers. Clinical efficacies of formulations containing 3% HEC, 3% PVP, 3% PC, and either 0% (control) or 5% (test) flurbiprofen, selected to offer optimal drug release and mechanical properties, were evaluated and clinically compared in an experimental gingivitis model. The test (flurbiprofen-containing) formulation significantly reduced gingival inflammation, as evaluated using the gingival index, and the gingival crevicular fluid volume, whereas, these clinical parameters were generally increased in volunteers who had received the control formulation. There were no observed differences in the plaque indices of the two subject groups, confirming that the observed differences in gingival inflammation could not be accredited to differences in plaque accumulation. This study has shown both the applicability of the in vitro methods used, particularly TPA, for the rational selection of formulations for clinical evaluation and, additionally, the clinical benefits of the topical application of a bioadhesive semisolid flurbiprofen-containing formulation for the treatment of experimental gingivitis.

Objectives To assess the effectiveness of three commonly used methods of controlling dental plaque accumulation within a general practice setting. Materials and Methods A blinded study, block randomising dogs at recruitment to receive one of three treatments to start after a routine scale and polish procedure: once daily tooth brushing using a toothbrush and veterinary toothpaste, once daily administration of a single dental hygiene chew or a prescription dental diet. Blinded scoring of plaque accumulation, both coverage and thickness, was performed at the end of the 6‐week study. Results A total of 22 dogs completed the study, which simultaneously assessed the effectiveness of the three means of plaque control. Daily tooth brushing was shown to be more than three times as effective at controlling plaque accumulation compared to using a daily dental chew or dental diet. The dental plaque scores for the diet and dental chews were not significantly different from one another and there was much greater variability in the mouth scores for these two groups of dogs compared to the tooth brushing group. Clinical Significance The study design has been shown to be an effective means of assessing plaque accumulation over a 6‐week period using a clean mouth model. Secondly, this study adds to the evidence which shows that daily tooth brushing is the most effective single method of reducing plaque accumulation and optimising dogs’ oral health.